Question

four friends are trying to decide what kind of cake to order for a party: cheesecake, chocolate, or yellow. everyone was asked to vote for their favorite, and the winner under the unknown voting method was chocolate. upon hearing the results, two people who had voted for yellow cake wanted to change their votes to move chocolate to the top of their preference lists. the winner was recalculated, and cheesecake was the winner. which fairness criterion has been violated in this election? options: monotonicity criterion, independence of irrelevant alternatives criterion, condorcet criterion, majority criterion

Explanation:

The Monotonicity Criterion states that if a voter increases the ranking of a candidate (moves them up in their preference list), that candidate should not lose the election. Here, two voters moved chocolate up in their preferences (to the top), but the winner changed from chocolate to cheesecake, violating the Monotonicity Criterion. The Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives Criterion is about removing non - winning alternatives not affecting the result, the Condorcet Criterion is about a candidate who beats others pairwise winning, and the Majority Criterion is about a majority - preferred candidate winning; none of these fit as well as Monotonicity here.

Answer:

Monotonicity Criterion