Question

drag each label to the correct location.
match the changed nucleotide sequences to the mutations that cause them.
cattcacaca cattcacaccacg cattt cacacg cattcacg
cattgcacacac
type of mutation original nucleotide sequence changed nucleotide sequence
deletion cattcacacg
insertion cattcacacg
inversion cattcacacg
duplication cattcacacg
substitution cattcacacg

Answer:

To solve this, we analyze each mutation type by comparing the changed sequence to the original (\( \text{CATTCACACG} \)):

1. Deletion

A deletion removes one or more nucleotides. The original is \( \text{CATTCACACG} \) (length 10). \( \text{CATTCACG} \) (length 8) is missing "AC" (positions 7 - 8 of original). So deletion → \( \text{CATTCACG} \).

2. Insertion

An insertion adds one or more nucleotides. The original is length 10. \( \text{CATTCACACCACG} \) (length 12) has an extra "CC" inserted. So insertion → \( \text{CATTCACACCACG} \).

3. Inversion

An inversion reverses a segment. The original has "ACAC" (positions 5 - 8: \( \text{A, C, A, C} \)). \( \text{CATTCACACA} \) (length 10) has "ACAC" reversed? Wait, original is \( \text{CATTCACACG} \) (ends with "CG"). \( \text{CATTCACACA} \) ends with "CA" (reversing "CG" to "CA"? No, better: original \( \text{CATTCACACG} \) (nucleotides: C A T T C A C A C G). \( \text{CATTCACACA} \) is missing the last "G" and has "A" instead? No, wait, inversion of a segment. Alternatively, \( \text{CATTT CACACG} \) – no, \( \text{CATTCACACG} \) vs \( \text{CATTCACACA} \): original ends with "CG", changed ends with "CA" (deletion of G? No, earlier deletion is \( \text{CATTCACG} \). Wait, correction: Inversion reverses a part. Let's check \( \text{CATTCACACA} \): original \( \text{CATTCACACG} \) (positions 9 - 10: C, G). Changed: positions 9 - 10: A, C? No, maybe a segment. Alternatively, \( \text{CATTCACACA} \) (length 10) vs original (length 10). Original: C A T T C A C A C G. Changed: C A T T C A C A C A? No, the given changed sequence is \( \text{CATTCACACA} \). Wait, maybe I made a mistake. Let's re-express original as \( \text{CATTCACACG} \) (bases: 1:C, 2:A, 3:T, 4:T, 5:C, 6:A, 7:C, 8:A, 9:C, 10:G).

• \( \text{CATTCACACA} \): base 10 is A (instead of G? No, substitution? Wait, no. Let's check other mutations.

4. Duplication

Duplication repeats a segment. Original: \( \text{CATTCACACG} \) (segment "CAC" at positions 6 - 8: A, C, A? No, \( \text{CATTCACACG} \) has "CAC" (positions 6 - 8: A, C, A? Wait, positions 6:A, 7:C, 8:A, 9:C, 10:G. Wait, \( \text{CATTT CACACG} \) – no, \( \text{CATTT CACACG} \) has an extra T at position 5? Wait, original: position 5 is C. Changed: \( \text{CATTT CACACG} \) (position 5: T). No, that's substitution. Wait, duplication: \( \text{CATTCACACG} \) vs \( \text{CATTCACACCACG} \) (insertion) – no. Wait, \( \text{CATTT CACACG} \): original is \( \text{CATTCACACG} \) (positions 4 - 5: T, C). Changed: positions 4 - 5: T, T (extra T). So duplication of T at position 4? So \( \text{CATTT CACACG} \) is duplication (extra T). Wait, original: C A T T C A C A C G. Changed: C A T T T C A C A C G (extra T at position 5). So duplication → \( \text{CATTT CACACG} \).

5. Substitution

Substitution replaces one nucleotide. Original: position 5 is C. Changed: \( \text{CATTG CACAC} \) (position 5: G instead of C). So \( \text{CATTG CACAC} \) has G at position 5 (original C). Thus, substitution → \( \text{CATTG CACAC} \).

Final Matches:

Type of Mutation	Original Nucleotide Sequence	Changed Nucleotide Sequence
insertion	CATTCACACG	CATTCACACCACG
inversion	CATTCACACG	CATTCACACA	(Wait, inversion of "CG" to "CA"? No, maybe a segment. Alternatively, \( \text{CATTCACACA} \) is inversion of the last two bases? Original: CG → CA (inversion of CG to AC? No, maybe I miscategorized. Let's recheck:

• Inversion: reverses a segment. Original: \( \text{CATTCACACG} \) (segment "ACG" → reversed to "GCA"? No. Alternatively, \( \text{CATTCACACA} \) (length 10) vs original (length 10). Original: C A T T C A C A C G. Changed: C A T T C A C A C A (last base G→A? No, that's substitution. Wait, the given changed sequences:

Wait, the changed sequences are:

1. CATTCACACA
2. CATTCACACCACG
3. CATTT CACACG
4. CATTCACG
5. CATTG CACAC

Let’s re-express original as \( S = \text{CATTCACACG} \) (length 10).

• Deletion: \( S \) loses "AC" (positions 7 - 8: C, A? Wait, \( S = \text{C A T T C A C A C G} \) (indices 1-10). \( \text{CATTCACG} = \text{C A T T C A C G} \) (loses "A" at index 8 and "C" at index 9? No, length 8: indices 1-8: C A T T C A C G. So original indices 1-8: C A T T C A C A, index 9: C, index 10: G. So \( \text{CATTCACG} \) is missing index 9 (C) and 10 (G)? No, length 8: 1-8: C A T T C A C G. Original 1-8: C A T T C A C A, 9: C, 10: G. So deletion of "AC" (indices 8-9: A, C) and G? No, simpler: \( S \) (length 10) → \( \text{CATTCACG} \) (length 8) → deletion of 2 nucleotides (AC at positions 7-8? No, count: \( S \) has 10, \( \text{CATTCACG} \) has 8 → 2 deletions. So deletion: \( \text{CATTCACG} \).

• Insertion: \( S \) (length 10) → \( \text{CATTCACACCACG} \) (length 12) → insertion of "CC" (so 2 insertions). So insertion: \( \text{CATTCACACCACG} \).

• Duplication: \( S \) (length 10) → \( \text{CATTT CACACG} \) (length 11) → duplication of "T" (index 4: T → index 5: T, so extra T). So duplication: \( \text{CATTT CACACG} \).

• Substitution: \( S \) (index 5: C) → \( \text{CATTG CACAC} \) (index 5: G) → substitution (C→G). So substitution: \( \text{CATTG CACAC} \).

• Inversion: \( S \) (index 9: C, index 10: G) → \( \text{CATTCACACA} \) (index 9: C, index 10: A? No, \( \text{CATTCACACA} \) is length 10: indices 1-10: C A T T C A C A C A. Original index 10: G → A (substitution? No, inversion of a segment. Wait, original segment "CG" (indices 9-10) → reversed to "GC"? No, \( \text{CATTCACACA} \) has "CA" at 9-10. Alternatively, inversion of "ACG" to "GCA"? No. Maybe the inversion is of "AC" (indices 7-8: C, A) → "CA" (indices 7-8: A, C)? Wait, original indices 7-8: C, A; changed indices 7-8: A, C. So \( S = \text{...C A C A C G} \) → \( \text{...C A A C C G} \)? No, \( \text{CATTCACACA} = \text{C A T T C A C A C A} \). Original: \( \text{C A T T C A C A C G} \). So index 10: G→A (substitution) and index 9: C→C (no). Wait, maybe the inversion is of "CG" to "AC"? No, this is confusing. Alternatively, the remaining sequence is \( \text{CATTCACACA} \), so inversion: \( \text{CATTCACACA} \) (inversion of a segment, e.g., "ACG" → "GCA" but adjusted). Given the options, the only remaining sequence is \( \text{CATTCACACA} \), so inversion → \( \text{CATTCACACA} \).

Final Answer (Table):

Type of Mutation	Original Nucleotide Sequence	Changed Nucleotide Sequence
insertion	CATTCACACG	CATTCACACCACG
inversion	CATTCACACG	CATTCACACA
duplication	CATTCACACG	CATTT CACACG
substitution	CATTCACACG	CATTG CACAC