Question

analyzing the effects of prenatal drug exposure
richardson et al. (2013) found that first trimester cocaine exposure has been associated with less sociability, more withdrawn behavioral problems, more anxious/depressed behaviors and symptoms in the children. these behaviors may be precursors of later psychiatric problems.
by caregiver reports, higher cocaine use was associated with disruptive behaviors including aggression and delinquent behavior at 9 years of age (mclaughlin et al., 2011).
moreover, caregiver reports indicate overall issues of executive function in 12 year - old children with higher amounts of prenatal exposure; in particular, females had greater problems with initiation activities, working memory, and organization (minnes et al., 2014). carmody et al. (2011) further documented cocaine exposure affected the attention and inhibitory control performance of males but not females in children at
which inferences can be made from the passag check all that apply.
□ prenatal cocaine exposure can lead to more in childhood.
□ prenatal cocaine exposure can lead to aggressive behavior, even many years later.
□ prenatal cocaine exposure can lead to problems with memory or attention.
□ prenatal cocaine exposure can lead to problems, but they usually go away after one or two years.

Explanation:

To solve this, we analyze each option against the passage:

1. First option (partial text, but likely about behavioral issues): The passage says first - trimester cocaine exposure is linked to less sociability, withdrawn problems, anxious/depressed behaviors (precursors to psychiatric issues). So if the option is about behavioral issues in childhood, it applies.
2. “Prenatal cocaine exposure can lead to aggressive behavior, even many years later”: The passage states “higher cocaine use was associated with disruptive behaviors including aggression and delinquent behavior at 9 years of age” and issues in 12 - year - olds, so aggression (a disruptive behavior) can occur years later. This applies.
3. “Prenatal cocaine exposure can lead to problems with memory or attention”: The passage mentions “working memory” issues (from executive function problems) and “attention” issues (Carmody et al. 2011). So this applies.
4. “Prenatal cocaine exposure can lead to problems, but they usually go away after one or two years”: The passage discusses long - term issues (at 9, 12 years) and no mention of problems resolving quickly. So this does not apply.

Answer:

(Assuming the first option is about behavioral issues in childhood, e.g., “Prenatal cocaine exposure can lead to more [behavioral issues] in childhood”), along with:

• Prenatal cocaine exposure can lead to aggressive behavior, even many years later.
• Prenatal cocaine exposure can lead to problems with memory or attention.

(Note: If the first option’s full text aligns with the passage’s behavioral associations in childhood, it’s also correct. The last option is incorrect.)