35. list the 4 nucleotides
36. what is this sequence of events called?
image: dna, mrna synthesis in nucleus, mrna moving to cytoplasm, ribosome, protein synthesis
the order of the nucleotides on dna is important why?
what is it called when that order is changed?
what is the outcome?

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Accepted Answer

### Question 35:
# Brief Explanations:
In DNA, the four nucleotides are Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C). In RNA, Thymine is replaced by Uracil (U), but the question likely refers to DNA nucleotides (common context for nucleotide listing in basic biology).
# Answer:
The four nucleotides (in DNA) are Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C). (If considering RNA, Uracil (U) replaces Thymine, but the question's context of "nucleotides" often first introduces DNA - based ones in basic biology.)

### Question 36:
# Brief Explanations:
The sequence of events: 1. Synthesis of mRNA from DNA (transcription) in the nucleus, 2. Movement of mRNA to cytoplasm, 3. Synthesis of protein from mRNA (translation) at ribosome. This overall process is gene expression (specifically, the central dogma steps of transcription and translation).
# Answer:
This sequence of events (transcription of DNA to mRNA, then translation of mRNA to protein) is called **gene expression** (or more specifically, the process of transcription followed by translation, part of the central dogma of molecular biology).

### "The order of the nucleotides on DNA is important WHY?"
# Brief Explanations:
The order of nucleotides (DNA sequence) codes for the order of amino acids in proteins. Each set of three nucleotides (codon) codes for a specific amino acid. So, the sequence determines the protein's structure and function. If the sequence is wrong, the protein may be non - functional or have altered function, affecting traits and cellular processes.
# Answer:
The order of nucleotides on DNA is important because it encodes the genetic information that determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins. The amino acid sequence of a protein dictates its structure and function (e.g., enzymes, structural proteins, hormones). Different nucleotide sequences lead to different proteins, which are essential for the traits, development, and metabolic processes of an organism.

### "What is it called when that order is changed?"
# Brief Explanations:
A change in the order (sequence) of nucleotides in DNA is called a mutation. Mutations can be due to various factors like errors in replication, radiation, or chemicals.
# Answer:
When the order of nucleotides in DNA is changed, it is called a **mutation**.

### "What is the outcome?"
# Brief Explanations:
The outcome of a mutation varies: 1. Silent mutation: No change in protein (due to codon redundancy). 2. Missense mutation: Amino acid change, may alter protein function (e.g., sickle - cell anemia). 3. Nonsense mutation: Premature stop codon, truncated non - functional protein. 4. Frameshift mutation: Alters reading frame, often leads to non - functional protein. Mutations can also be neutral, beneficial (rare, e.g., antibiotic resistance in bacteria), or harmful (e.g., cancer - causing mutations).
# Answer:
The outcome of a mutation (change in nucleotide order) can vary:
- **Silent mutation**: No change in the resulting protein (due to the redundancy of the genetic code, where multiple codons can code for the same amino acid).
- **Missense mutation**: A different amino acid is incorporated into the protein, which may alter the protein's structure and function (e.g., the mutation causing sickle - cell anemia changes one amino acid in hemoglobin, affecting its shape and function).
- **Nonsense mutation**: A premature stop codon is introduced, resulting in a truncated and often non - functional protein.
- **Frameshift mutation**: The reading frame of the genetic code is shifted (due to insertions or deletions of non - multiple - of - three nucleotides), usually leading to a completely non - functional or abnormal protein.
- Mutations can also be neutral (having no significant effect on the organism), beneficial (rare, e.g., a mutation that confers antibiotic resistance in bacteria), or harmful (e.g., mutations that lead to genetic disorders or cancer).

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