Question

1. which factor contributed to the division of western and eastern churches into roman catholicism and eastern orthodoxy?

declining interest in the crusades
growing power of islamic caliphates
opposing practices of christian beliefs
dwindling trade across european kingdoms

Explanation:

The Great Schism (division of Western and Eastern Churches) was largely due to theological and liturgical differences (opposing Christian practices/beliefs like use of Latin vs Greek, papal authority). Declining Crusade interest, Islamic caliphate power, or European trade decline are not core to this religious division.

Answer:

The option with "Opposing practices of Christian beliefs" (the third option among the choices).