Question

1. which factor most hindered democratic reform in south africa until the 1990s?

laws enforcing deep racial divisions
strict control by an outside colonial power
policies of discrimination against female citizens

Explanation:

Until the 1990s, South Africa's apartheid system was a formalized set of laws that enforced rigid racial segregation, disenfranchised non-white populations, and blocked democratic participation. Outside colonial control ended in 1910, and gender discrimination was not the primary barrier to democratic reform in this context.

Answer:

laws enforcing deep racial divisions