1. what is the main purpose of the scientific method? sc.912.n.1.1
2. state a hypothesis connecting study time (iv) and test score (dv). sc.912.n.1.1
3. in an experiment, what is the independent variable? what axis is it on? sc.912.n.1.4
4. why are constants important? sc.912.n.1.4
5. define bias and give one way to reduce it. sc.912.n.1.3
6. distinguish repetition vs. replication. sc.912.n.1.2
7. what is a model? give one limitation. sc.912.n.1.5
8. how does a scientific theory differ from a scientific law? sc.912.n.1.6
9. which si unit measures mass? which measures volume in the lab? sc.912.n.1.3
10. convert 1.6 km to meters. sc.912.n.1.3
11. a sample has mass 45.0 g and volume 30.0 ml. compute density and predict float/sink in water. sc.912.n.1.3
12. choose the best graph to show daily temperature over a week and explain why. sc.912.n.1.1
13. on a line graph, define slope and its meaning. sc.912.n.1.1
14. explain accuracy vs. precision with a quick example. sc.912.n.1.3
15. why is peer review and replication important in science? sc.912.n.1.7

Question

Accepted Answer

### 1.
# Brief Explanations:
The scientific method aims to test ideas and gain knowledge through a systematic process of observation, hypothesis - formation, experimentation, analysis, and conclusion - drawing.
# Answer:
The main purpose of the scientific method is to test hypotheses and acquire reliable knowledge.

### 2.
# Brief Explanations:
A hypothesis is a testable prediction. A possible hypothesis could be that as study time increases, test scores will increase.
# Answer:
As study time (IV) increases, test score (DV) increases.

### 3.
# Brief Explanations:
The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment. It is placed on the x - axis of a graph.
# Answer:
The independent variable is the variable that is deliberately changed. It is on the x - axis.

### 4.
# Brief Explanations:
Constants are important because they ensure that only the independent variable is affecting the dependent variable, allowing for valid results.
# Answer:
Constants are important to control for extraneous factors and ensure valid results.

### 5.
# Brief Explanations:
Bias is a systematic error that affects the accuracy of results. Random sampling can reduce bias by ensuring all members of a population have an equal chance of being selected.
# Answer:
Bias is a systematic error. Random sampling can reduce it.

### 6.
# Brief Explanations:
Repetition is doing an experiment multiple times under the same conditions. Replication is when other scientists repeat an experiment.
# Answer:
Repetition is multiple trials in one experiment; replication is other scientists repeating the experiment.

### 7.
# Brief Explanations:
A model is a representation of a system or phenomenon. A limitation is that it may not accurately represent all aspects of the real - world situation.
# Answer:
A model is a representation. A limitation is that it may be an oversimplification.

### 8.
# Brief Explanations:
A scientific theory is a well - supported explanation of natural phenomena, while a scientific law is a description of a natural phenomenon that is always true under certain conditions.
# Answer:
A theory explains; a law describes what happens.

### 9.
# Brief Explanations:
The SI unit for mass is the kilogram (kg). In the lab, the liter (L) or milliliter (mL) is used to measure volume.
# Answer:
The SI unit for mass is kg. Volume in the lab is measured in mL or L.

### 10.
# Explanation:
## Step1: Recall the conversion factor
1 km = 1000 m
## Step2: Multiply the given value by the conversion factor
1.6 km×1000 m/km = 1600 m
# Answer:
1600 m

### 11.
# Explanation:
## Step1: Use the density formula
The density formula is $
ho=\frac{m}{V}$, where $m$ is mass and $V$ is volume. Given $m = 45.0$ g and $V=30.0$ mL.
$
ho=\frac{45.0\ g}{30.0\ mL}=1.5$ g/mL
## Step2: Compare with water density
The density of water is 1.0 g/mL. Since the sample's density (1.5 g/mL) is greater than water's density, it will sink.
# Answer:
Density is 1.5 g/mL. It will sink.

### 12.
# Brief Explanations:
A line graph is the best choice as it can clearly show the change in temperature over time (days in a week).
# Answer:
A line graph is best because it shows changes over time.

### 13.
# Brief Explanations:
The slope of a line graph is the ratio of the vertical change (rise) to the horizontal change (run). It represents the rate of change between the two variables.
# Answer:
Slope is $\frac{	ext{rise}}{	ext{run}}$. It represents the rate of change.

### 14.
# Brief Explanations:
Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value. Precision refers to how close repeated measurements are to each other. For example, if the true mass of an object is 10 g, a measurement of 9.9 g is accurate. If multiple measurements are 9.8 g, 9.8 g, 9.8 g, they are precise but not very accurate.
# Answer:
Accuracy is closeness to true value; precision is closeness of repeated measurements.

### 15.
# Brief Explanations:
Peer review and replication are important because they help ensure the validity, reliability, and credibility of scientific research by having other experts check and repeat the work.
# Answer:
They ensure validity, reliability, and credibility of research.

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