Question

what is the difference between classical and operant conditioning? *
3 points
operant does not depend on the subject
classical requires stimulus by the subject
classical does not involve initial action by the subject
operant relies on the stimulus provided by the researcher

behavior that is followed by an unpleasant consequences is likely to be *
3 points
stooped
continued
forgotten
stopped

the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus is called *
3 points
conditioned response
conditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
unconditioned stimulus

Explanation:

First Question (Difference between Classical and Operant Conditioning)

To determine the correct answer, recall the key differences between classical and operant conditioning:

• Classical conditioning (Pavlovian) involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. The subject's initial action is not required; the response is elicited by the stimuli.
• Operant conditioning (Skinnerian) involves behavior followed by consequences (reinforcement/punishment) to increase/decrease behavior. The subject initiates the behavior.

Now analyze each option:

• "Operant does not depend on the subject": Incorrect. Operant conditioning depends on the subject's behavior and its consequences.
• "classical requires stimulus by the subject": Incorrect. Classical conditioning is about stimuli (from the environment/researcher) eliciting a response, not the subject providing the stimulus.
• "Classical does not involve initial action by the subject": Correct. In classical conditioning, the response is elicited by stimuli, so the subject doesn't initiate an action first.
• "Operant relies on the stimulus provided by the researcher": Incorrect. Operant conditioning relies on consequences (reinforcement/punishment) of the subject's behavior, not just researcher - provided stimuli.

In operant conditioning, behavior followed by unpleasant consequences (punishment) is likely to decrease. Let's analyze the options:

• "Stooped": Misspelling, not the right term.
• "Continued": Incorrect. Unpleasant consequences (punishment) aim to stop behavior, not continue it.
• "Forgotten": Incorrect. The behavior is not about being forgotten but about being reduced/stopped due to the consequence.
• "Stopped": Correct. Unpleasant consequences (punishment) make the behavior likely to be stopped as the organism will avoid the unpleasant outcome.

Recall the definitions in classical conditioning:

• Conditioned Response (CR): The learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus (CS).
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that, after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits a response.
• Unconditioned Response (UR): The unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus (US).
• Unconditioned Stimulus (US): A stimulus that naturally elicits an unconditioned response.

So the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus is the Conditioned Response.

Answer:

C. Classical does not involve initial action by the subject (Note: Assuming the options are labeled A - D in order, the third option is correct. If the original options' numbering is different, adjust accordingly. But based on the text, the third option is "Classical does not involve initial action by the subject")

Second Question (Behavior followed by unpleasant consequences)