Question

that the victims of mental illness suffered more from the treatment than the malady is reflected in the evidence suggesting that stone age cave dwellers treated mental illness by a surgical method called trephining. during this procedure, part of the skull was chipped away to make an opening. once the skull was opened, the evil spirits could escape. it was believed that when the evil spirit left, the person would return to his or her normal state. surprisingly, several trephined skulls that healed over have been found. this indicates that some patients survived what had to be an extremely crude surgery. (adapted from sue et al., understanding abnormal behavior, $5^{th}$ ed., p.16, © cengage learning.) 39. choose the letter of the best choice for the main idea of this paragraph. a. people in the stone age treated mental illness with a surgery called trephining. b. early societies were advanced in their treatment of mental illness. c. some patients of early trephining survived the procedure. d. at an earlier time, demons were believed to be the cause of mental illness and treatment required drastic measures. 40. what organizational pattern or patterns help develop the main idea? a. definition; time order; process; cause and effect b. time order; sequence of dates and events; cause and effect c. simple listing; comparison and contrast d. cause and effect; classification

Explanation:

Question 39

• Option A: The paragraph starts by stating the main idea that victims of mental illness suffered more from treatment (trephining by Stone Age cave dwellers) than the malady, and then explains the trephining procedure. This option accurately captures the core topic of how Stone Age people treated mental illness with trephining.
• Option B: The text describes a crude surgery, not advanced treatment, so this is incorrect.
• Option C: The survival of some patients is a detail, not the main idea.
• Option D: While demons (evil spirits) are mentioned as a belief, the main focus is on the treatment method (trephining) used, not just the belief and drastic measures in general. So A is the best choice.

• The term "trephining" is defined (definition). The procedure is explained in the order of how it was done (time order/process: chipping skull, opening, evil spirits escape). The cause (evil spirits causing mental illness) and effect (opening skull to let spirits out, person returns to normal) is also present.
• Option B: There are no specific dates, so "sequence of dates" is incorrect.
• Option C: There's no simple listing or comparison/contrast.
• Option D: There's no classification. So A is correct.

Answer:

A. People in the Stone Age treated mental illness with a surgery called trephining.

Question 40