Question

in the united states,
a. the degree of income mobility is relatively low.
b. the income tax system has little or no impact on the distribution of income.
c. the after - tax income distribution of income is more equal than the before - tax distribution.
d. once a person is in poverty, it is very difficult for a person to get out of poverty.

Explanation:

• Option A: Income mobility refers to the ability of individuals or families to move up or down the income ladder over time. In the United States, compared to some other developed countries, the degree of income mobility is relatively low. This is due to factors such as unequal access to education, healthcare, and job opportunities.
• Option B: The income tax system in the United States does have an impact on the distribution of income. Progressive income tax systems, where higher - income earners pay a higher percentage of their income in taxes, are designed to redistribute wealth to some extent.
• Option C: The after - tax income distribution is more equal than the before - tax distribution because of the progressive nature of the income tax system (in theory). Higher - income earners pay a larger share of taxes, which can be used for social welfare programs that benefit lower - income groups.
• Option D: While poverty can be persistent in the United States, it is not accurate to say that it is "very difficult" for a person to get out of poverty. There are various government programs, educational opportunities, and job training initiatives that can help individuals escape poverty.

Answer:

C. the after - tax income distribution of income is more equal than the before - tax distribution.