Question

tons laws (continued)
analyze the effects on a passenger riding in a car traveling at
50 km/h that collides head - on with a solid object.
without restraints\twith safety belts and air bags

Explanation:

When a car traveling at 50 km/h collides head - on with a solid object:

• Without Restraints:
• According to Newton's first law (law of inertia), an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by an external force. The passenger, initially moving at 50 km/h, will continue moving forward at that speed. Since the car stops suddenly (due to the collision), the passenger will likely hit the windshield, dashboard, or other parts of the car interior. There is a high risk of severe head injuries, broken bones (from impact with hard surfaces), and internal organ damage (from the sudden deceleration forces).
• With Safety Belts and Air Bags:
• The safety belt provides an external force that acts on the passenger to slow their forward motion more gradually compared to hitting a hard surface. The air - bag deploys and provides a soft, cushioning surface. The combination of the safety belt and air - bag increases the time over which the passenger's momentum is changed (from \(p = mv\) where \(v\) changes from 50 km/h to 0). According to the impulse - momentum theorem \(J=\Delta p = F\Delta t\), a longer \(\Delta t\) (time of deceleration) results in a lower average force \(F\) acting on the passenger. This reduces the risk of severe injuries such as fatal head trauma, and also helps in distributing the force over a larger area of the body (unlike a hard impact point).

Answer:

Without Restraints	With Safety Belts and Air Bags