Question

sister chromatids become independent, single - strand chromosomes during:s phaseanaphaseprometaphasequestion 8during oxidative phosphorylation, hydrogen ions are pumped into the:cytoplasmintermembrane spacematrix

Explanation:

• For the first question: In mitosis, during anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell, becoming independent single - strand chromosomes. In S phase, DNA is replicated (sister chromatids are formed), and in prometaphase, the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.
• For the second question: During oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, hydrogen ions (\(H^+\)) are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. This creates a proton gradient that is used to drive ATP synthesis when \(H^+\) flows back into the matrix through ATP synthase. The cytoplasm is not the site of this specific proton pumping in the context of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer:

• First question: Anaphase
• Second question: intermembrane space