Question

sc.912.l.16.8 explain the relationship between mutation, cell cycle, and uncontrolled cell growth potentially resulting in cancer. students will generally be able to state that mutations that affect the proteins that regulate the cell cycle may result in uncontrollable cell growth

1. what is cancer? what goes wrong in cells?

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unit 2: instructional sequence 3:
sc.912.l.16.17 compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis and relate to the processes of sexual and asexual reproduction and their consequences for genetic variation.

1. complete the concept map comparing mitosis and meiosis below.

	mitosis	meiosis
starts as diploid (2n) or haploid (n)	2n	n
ends as diploid (2n) or haploid (n)	2n	n
number of divisions	1	2
number of cells created	2	4
creates clones or unique cells	clones	unique cells
creates gametes or body cells	body cells	gametes
asexual or sexual reproduction	asexual	sexual

sc.912.l.16.16 describe the process of meiosis, including independent assortment and crossing over. explain how reduction division results in the formation of haploid gametes or spores.

1. what process is depicted below?

in what cell division process does this occur in?
what type of cells would this process create?
male cells
female cells

Explanation:

Question 44

Cancer is a disease where cells lose control of their growth and division. In cancer cells, mutations often affect the proteins that regulate the cell cycle (like tumor suppressor genes or proto - oncogenes). Normally, the cell cycle has checkpoints to ensure proper growth, DNA replication, and division. When these regulatory proteins are mutated, cells may divide uncontrollably, forming tumors. These cells can also invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body (metastasis).

If the diagram shows homologous chromosomes exchanging genetic material, that process is crossing over. Crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis. Meiosis is the cell division process that produces gametes (haploid cells). In males, meiosis produces sperm (spermatozoa), and in females, it produces eggs (ova).

Answer:

Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and division. In cells, mutations that disrupt the normal regulation of the cell cycle (affecting proteins that control cell growth, division, and death) lead to cells dividing uncontrollably, forming tumors, and potentially invading other tissues or metastasizing.

Question 45 (Concept Map Completion Check)

Let's verify each row:

• Starts as Diploid (2n) or Haploid (n): Mitosis starts with diploid (2n) cells (somatic cells), Meiosis starts with diploid (2n) germ cells (the initial cell before meiosis is 2n, but the answer here has 'n' which is incorrect. The correct for Meiosis start is 2n).
• Ends as Diploid (2n) or Haploid (n): Mitosis ends with diploid (2n) cells (daughter cells are identical to parent, 2n), Meiosis ends with haploid (n) cells (gametes), so this row for Meiosis is correct, Mitosis is correct.
• Number of divisions: Mitosis has 1 division, Meiosis has 2 divisions, both correct.
• Number of cells created: Mitosis creates 2 cells, Meiosis creates 4 cells, both correct.
• Creates clones or unique cells: Mitosis creates clones (genetically identical), Meiosis creates unique cells (due to crossing over and independent assortment), both correct.
• Creates gametes or body cells: Mitosis creates body cells (somatic cells), Meiosis creates gametes (sperm/egg), both correct.
• Asexual or sexual reproduction: Mitosis is involved in asexual reproduction (e.g., binary fission in bacteria, growth/repair in multicellular organisms), Meiosis is involved in sexual reproduction (produces gametes for fertilization), both correct.

The error is in the "Starts as Diploid (2n) or Haploid (n)" row for Meiosis; it should start as 2n, not n.