Question

robert carneiros theory of environmental circumscription holds that
the environments in the areas where social complexity began are particularly suitable for
agriculture, providing the surplus required
when hostile environments halt village expansion, new farmland could only be taken
from other villages by force
when environments changed due to climatic changes, the only way for people to survive
was to grant the chief greater power
the need to defend lands with favorable environmental circumstances led to the
emergence of an elite

Explanation:

Robert Carneiro's theory of environmental circumscription posits that when hostile environments halt village expansion, new farmland could only be taken from other villages by force. This is a key aspect of his theory which focuses on the role of environmental limitations in social development.

Answer:

when hostile environments halt village expansion, new farmland could only be taken from other villages by force