Question

1. read textbook pp. 387-394
2. graded: (to be written/typed):

a. what was distinctive about the atlantic revolutions in comparison to other upheavals during the long 19th century?

Explanation:

To answer this, we analyze the Atlantic Revolutions (like American, French, Haitian) vs other 19th - century upheavals:

1. Ideological Basis (Enlightenment):

• The Atlantic Revolutions were deeply influenced by Enlightenment ideas of liberty, equality, and popular sovereignty. For example, the American Revolution was inspired by ideas of natural rights (John Locke), and the French Revolution by Rousseau's social contract. Other upheavals in the 19th century, like some nationalist uprisings in Eastern Europe, were more about ethnic identity and less about these broad Enlightenment - derived political philosophies.

1. Trans - Atlantic Connection:

• These revolutions were interconnected across the Atlantic. The American Revolution influenced the French (through the debt France incurred and the example of a successful colonial rebellion), and the French Revolution's ideals spread to Haiti, influencing the Haitian Revolution. Most other 19th - century upheavals were more regionally confined, like the Decembrist revolt in Russia which was a local attempt at reform.

1. Goal of Political Restructuring (State - Building):

• The Atlantic Revolutions aimed at creating new political systems. The US created a federal republic, France moved from absolute monarchy to various republican/democratic - leaning systems, and Haiti established the first Black republic. Many other 19th - century upheavals were more about reform within existing systems (e.g., Chartist movement in Britain was about expanding suffrage within the British system) or ethnic self - determination without the same focus on building a new type of state based on Enlightenment principles.

1. Inclusion of Slavery - Related Struggles (Haitian Revolution):

• The Haitian Revolution (part of Atlantic Revolutions) was a successful slave revolt, challenging the institution of slavery. Most other 19th - century upheavals did not center on the abolition of slavery as a core goal (though some later ones were influenced by it). For example, the Revolutions of 1848 in Europe were more about political liberalization and nationalism, not directly about slavery.

We can now fill the table:

Distinctive features of the Atlantic Revolutions	Description of features
Trans - Atlantic Connection	Interconnected across the Atlantic; American Revolution influenced French, French influenced Haitian. Most other upheavals regionally confined (e.g., Decembrist revolt in Russia).
Goal of Political Restructuring (State - Building)	Aimed at creating new political systems (US federal republic, French republican - leaning systems, Haitian Black republic). Other upheavals more about reform within systems (e.g., Chartist movement in Britain) or ethnic self - determination without same state - building focus.
Inclusion of Slavery - Related Struggles	Haitian Revolution was successful slave revolt challenging slavery. Most other 19th - century upheavals not centered on abolition of slavery (e.g., 1848 Revolutions in Europe focused on liberalization/nationalism).

Answer:

The table is filled as above with the distinctive features and their descriptions. The key distinctive aspects are the Enlightenment - based ideology, trans - Atlantic connections, focus on state - building, and inclusion of slavery - related struggles (in the case of the Haitian Revolution) when compared to other 19th - century upheavals.