Question

read the passage.
engraving evolved from a highly skilled craft to a major art form in the 1400s. engraving encompasses several techniques developed over time. line engraving, dry point, etching, mezzotint, aquatint, and sugar aquatint are among the established engraving methods. engravers use a sharp, wedged metal tool, a burin, to gouge the plate, or acid to burn in the lines and furrows. the metal plate is then used to make multiple prints of either an original artwork or a reproduction of another artists work. some of the earliest engravings were produced in germany in the 1430s. plaques were made by gouging lines into small plates of silver or gold and then filling the furrows with a dark substance. by the 1470s, the skill had developed into an art form capable of producing prints almost as detailed as oil paintings. at this time, a german artist, martin schongauer, created engraved original works notable for their contrasts and textures. he used deeply engraved lines in a variety of strokes, long and sinuous, short and sharp, and crosshatched, to produce realistic looking scales and fur on his figures. at the same time, in italy, andrea mantegna was experimenting with varying the width of lines to produce shading. he discovered that by using an assortment of thicker and thinner lines he could produce a three - dimensional effect in his engravings.
the passage begins with a term - and - definition organizational pattern and then shifts to a chronological organizational pattern.
how does this organizational shift affect the passage?

1. the shift disrupts the flow of information in the passage.
2. the shift makes it difficult for readers to see how engraving evolved.
3. the shift supports two different main ideas about the evolution of engraving.
4. the shift clarifies and builds upon information in the beginning of the passage.

Explanation:

The passage first defines engraving (term-and-definition) then uses chronological order (1430s, 1470s) to show its evolution. This shift does not disrupt flow; instead, it adds historical context to clarify how engraving developed into an art form, building on the initial definition.

Answer:

1. The shift clarifies and builds upon information in the beginning of the passage.