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read the following passage about the structure of state courts. then fo…

Question

read the following passage about the structure of state courts. then follow the instructions below. while the exact organization of each states court system varies, they all share a similar structure. most cases enter a states judicial system through its lowest level in a trial court. if the losing party feels their trial was unfair or the law was not applied correctly, they can appeal their case by sending it to a higher court to reconsider. in most states, these appeals are first heard in a middle level of intermediate appellate courts. when these courts hear a case, they do not hold a new trial, but instead review the facts from the previous trial to decide whether to affirm or reverse the lower courts decision. they can also decide to remand the case, meaning send it back to a lower court for a new trial. the final opportunity for appeal within a states court system is with a court of last resort, called a supreme court in many places. in most states, these highest courts have the ability to choose which cases they will hear. after hearing a case, the court can affirm or reverse the lower courts decision. or, it can remand the case to either the intermediate appellate court or the trial court to be reconsidered. decide which state court levels each statement describes. chart with columns: trial courts, intermediate appellate courts, court of last resort; rows: is where most cases enter the state court system, has the final say in a states court system, can hear a case remanded from a higher state court, can hear cases appealed from a lower court

Explanation:

Brief Explanations
  1. For "is where most cases enter the state court system": The passage says "Most cases enter a state’s judicial system through its lowest level in a trial court", so this describes Trial courts.
  2. For "has the final say in a state’s court system": The passage states "The final opportunity for appeal within a state’s court system is with a court of last resort", so this describes Court of last resort.
  3. For "can hear a case remanded from a higher state court": From the passage, trial courts can have cases remanded back to them (e.g., "remand the case to either the intermediate appellate court or the trial court"), so this describes Trial courts.
  4. For "can hear cases appealed from a lower court": Intermediate appellate courts hear appeals from trial courts ("these appeals are first heard in a middle level of intermediate appellate courts"), and Court of last resort also hears appeals from lower courts (intermediate or trial). But the intermediate appellate courts are the first to hear appeals from trial, and court of last resort hears from lower (including intermediate). However, the intermediate appellate courts' main role is hearing appeals from trial, and court of last resort is the final. But for the "can hear cases appealed from a lower court", both Intermediate appellate courts and Court of last resort can, but let's check the passage: Intermediate appellate courts hear appeals from trial (lower), Court of last resort hears appeals from lower (intermediate or trial). But the first appeal after trial is to intermediate, then to court of last resort. So:
  • Intermediate appellate courts: hear appeals from trial (lower)
  • Court of last resort: hear appeals from lower (intermediate or trial)

But let's match each:

Now, let's fill the table (check the boxes):

  1. "is where most cases enter the state court system" → Trial courts (check Trial courts column)
  2. "has the final say in a state’s court system" → Court of last resort (check Court of last resort column)
  3. "can hear a case remanded from a higher state court" → Trial courts (because the passage says they can remand to trial court, so trial court can hear remanded cases from higher (intermediate or court of last resort))
  4. "can hear cases appealed from a lower court" → Intermediate appellate courts (hear from trial) and Court of last resort (hear from intermediate or trial). But let's see the options:

Wait, the table has three columns: Trial courts, Intermediate appellate courts, Court of last resort.

Let's re-express:

  1. "is where most cases enter the state court system": Trial courts → check Trial courts.
  2. "has the final say in a state’s court system": Court of last resort → check Court of last resort.
  3. "can hear a case remanded from a higher state court": Trial courts (since higher courts can remand to trial courts) → check Trial courts.
  4. "can hear cases appealed from a lower court": Intermediate appellate courts (hear from trial, lower) and Court of last resort (hear from intermediate or trial, which are lower than it). But the passage says "these appeals are first heard in a middle level of intermediate appellate courts" (appeals from trial, lower), and "the final opportunity for appeal... is with a court of last resort" (appeals from lower, including intermediate). So:
  • Intermediate appellate courts: check (hear from trial, lower)
  • Court of last resort: check (hear from intermediate or trial, lower)

But maybe the intended:

For "can hear cases appealed from a lower court":

  • Intermediate appellate courts: yes (from trial)
  • Court of last resort: yes (f…

Answer:

  1. "is where most cases enter the state court system": Trial courts (check the box under Trial courts)
  2. "has the final say in a state’s court system": Court of last resort (check the box under Court of last resort)
  3. "can hear a case remanded from a higher state court": Trial courts (check the box under Trial courts)
  4. "can hear cases appealed from a lower court": Intermediate appellate courts (check the box under Intermediate appellate courts) and Court of last resort (check the box under Court of last resort)

(Note: If the table is to have one check per row, maybe the intended for row 4 is Intermediate appellate courts, as they are the first to hear appeals from lower (trial), and court of last resort is final. But the passage says court of last resort also hears appeals from lower (intermediate or trial). So depending on the question's intent, but based on the passage:

  • Trial courts: row 1, row 3
  • Intermediate appellate courts: row 4
  • Court of last resort: row 2, row 4

But to match the passage:

Row 1: Trial courts (correct)

Row 2: Court of last resort (correct)

Row 3: Trial courts (correct, as trial courts can have cases remanded back to them)

Row 4: Intermediate appellate courts (hear appeals from trial, lower) and Court of last resort (hear appeals from lower (intermediate or trial)). But if we have to choose one, maybe Intermediate appellate courts for row 4, as they are the primary to hear appeals from lower (trial), and court of last resort is final. But the passage says court of last resort also hears from lower. So both, but the question might expect:

Row 4: Intermediate appellate courts (check) and Court of last resort (check). But since the table has three columns, we mark the correct ones.

So the final answers for each row (checking the boxes):

  • Row 1: Trial courts (check)
  • Row 2: Court of last resort (check)
  • Row 3: Trial courts (check)
  • Row 4: Intermediate appellate courts (check) and Court of last resort (check)

But if the question expects one per row, maybe:

Row 4: Intermediate appellate courts (as they are the first to hear appeals from lower (trial), and court of last resort is final. But the passage says court of last resort also hears from lower. So it's possible both. But based on the passage's description:

"these appeals are first heard in a middle level of intermediate appellate courts" → so intermediate hears from trial (lower)

"the final opportunity for appeal within a state’s court system is with a court of last resort" → so court of last resort hears from lower (intermediate or trial)

So both Intermediate appellate courts and Court of last resort can hear cases appealed from a lower court.