quiz #3: subject and strategy—chapters 9-12
1. when organizing a division and classification essay, what are the three (3) criteria that should be established?
2. list the six (6) types of definition.
3. list the three (3) things writers should do when planning a cause and effect analysis essay?
4. when organizing your cause and effect analysis, what should the writer avoid?
5. why should a writer consider who their audience will be, and which component is most important out of the three (ethos, logos, pathos)?

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Accepted Answer

### Question 1
# Brief Explanations:
For a division and classification essay, the three criteria are: 1. **Consistency**: The criteria for dividing or classifying must be applied uniformly throughout the essay. 2. **Completeness**: All parts of the subject being divided or classified should be included (no major elements left out). 3. **Exclusivity**: The categories or divisions should be distinct and not overlap with each other.
# Answer:
The three criteria are Consistency, Completeness, and Exclusivity.

### Question 2
# Brief Explanations:
The six types of definitions are: 1. **Formal (or Dictionary) Definition**: Uses the typical “term = genus + differentia” structure (e.g., “A triangle is a three - sided polygon”). 2. **Informal Definition**: A more casual, personal explanation (e.g., “For me, a ‘vacation’ is a time to completely unwind”). 3. **Extended Definition**: A detailed exploration, often including examples, descriptions, and analysis (e.g., explaining “democracy” by discussing its history, principles, and real - world applications). 4. **Etymological Definition**: Focuses on the origin of the word (e.g., “‘Philosophy’ comes from the Greek words ‘philo’ (love) and ‘sophia’ (wisdom), so it means the love of wisdom”). 5. **Operational Definition**: Defines a term based on how it is used or measured (e.g., “In this experiment, ‘intelligence’ is defined as the score on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale”). 6. **Definition by Example**: Defines a term by providing specific instances (e.g., “Fruits include apples, oranges, and bananas”).
# Answer:
The six types of definition are Formal (Dictionary) Definition, Informal Definition, Extended Definition, Etymological Definition, Operational Definition, and Definition by Example.

### Question 3
# Brief Explanations:
When planning a cause - and - effect analysis essay: 1. **Identify the Focus**: Decide whether to focus on causes, effects, or both. For example, if writing about air pollution, you might choose to focus on its causes (like industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust) or its effects (like respiratory diseases, environmental degradation). 2. **Gather and Analyze Data**: Collect relevant information, facts, and examples. This could involve researching scientific studies on the topic or looking at real - world cases. Then, analyze this data to determine the most significant causes or effects. 3. **Determine Relationships**: Figure out the logical connections between causes and effects. Are they direct or indirect? Are there multiple causes leading to one effect, or one cause leading to multiple effects? For example, in the case of obesity, there are multiple causes (diet, lack of exercise, genetics) and multiple effects (health problems, social stigma).
# Answer:
Writers should: 1. Identify the Focus (on causes, effects, or both). 2. Gather and Analyze Data. 3. Determine Relationships (between causes and effects).

### Question 4
# Brief Explanations:
When organizing a cause - and - effect analysis, a writer should avoid: 1. **Over - simplification**: Not reducing complex relationships to something too basic. For example, assuming that a single cause is responsible for a complex effect like poverty (when in reality, poverty has multiple interrelated causes like lack of education, economic policies, and social inequality). 2. **Confusing Correlation with Causation**: Just because two events happen together does not mean one causes the other. For example, assuming that because ice cream sales and crime rates both increase in summer, ice cream sales cause crime (when in fact, the warm weather is a common factor). 3. **Ignoring Alternative Explanations**: Failing to consider other possible causes or effects. For example, when analyzing the decline in a company's profits, not considering factors like new competitors, changes in consumer preferences, and internal management issues.
# Answer:
Writers should avoid over - simplification, confusing correlation with causation, and ignoring alternative explanations.

### Question 5
# Brief Explanations:
- **Why consider the audience?**: A writer should consider the audience because the audience's background (knowledge, values, beliefs, interests) affects how the message is received. For example, writing about climate change for a group of scientists requires a more technical, data - heavy approach, while writing for the general public requires simpler language and relatable examples.
- **Most important component (ethos, logos, pathos)?**: The most important component depends on the audience. However, in many cases, **ethos** (credibility) is crucial because if the audience does not trust the writer (due to lack of expertise, bias, etc.), they are less likely to be persuaded by logos (logic) or pathos (emotion). For example, a scientist writing about a medical breakthrough needs to establish ethos through their credentials and research, so that the audience will accept the logical arguments (logos) and emotional appeals (pathos) related to the breakthrough.
# Answer:
- A writer should consider the audience because the audience’s background (knowledge, values, beliefs, interests) influences how the message is received.
- The most important component (ethos, logos, pathos) depends on the audience, but ethos (credibility) is often crucial as without audience trust, logos and pathos are less effective.

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