Question

question 9 (4 points)
receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ____ is to ____.
positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer
immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer
reinforcement; punishment
question 10 (4 points)
to quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use
classical conditioning rather than operant conditioning
partial reinforcement rather than continuous reinforcement
immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers
negative reinforcers rather than positive reinforcers

Explanation:

• Question 9:
• Positive reinforcers add something pleasant (like delicious food). Negative reinforcers remove something unpleasant (like escaping electric shock).
• Primary reinforcers satisfy basic biological needs (food is a primary reinforcer). Secondary reinforcers acquire their value through association (not relevant here).
• Immediate vs. delayed is about timing (not the nature of the reinforcer). Reinforcement vs. punishment is a different concept (punishment decreases behavior).
• Question 10:
• Classical conditioning is for involuntary responses (not for teaching a dog to roll over on command).
• Partial reinforcement is for maintaining behavior (not for quickly teaching).
• Immediate reinforcers (giving a treat right after the dog rolls over) work better for quick learning than delayed ones.
• Positive reinforcers (rewarding the dog) are better for teaching a new behavior than negative reinforcers (removing something bad).

Answer:

• Question 9: Positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
• Question 10: Immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers