Question

question 1
describe the function and compare steroidal and nonsteroidal hormones. how does each type of hormone interact with the cell? what other molecules are required for or involved in their function?

question 2
make a list, or write a short paragraph, that explains the major stages of pregnancy after fertilization through childbirth. provide as much detail as possible.

Explanation:

Question 1: Steroidal hormones are lipid - soluble and can pass through the cell membrane to bind with intracellular receptors, forming a hormone - receptor complex that regulates gene expression. Nonsteroidal hormones are water - soluble and bind to cell - surface receptors, often initiating a second - messenger system like the cAMP system. Other molecules involved include enzymes for second - messenger production and chaperone proteins for steroid hormone receptors.
Question 2: The major stages of pregnancy after fertilization are the pre - implantation stage (zygote formation, cleavage, and blastocyst development), implantation (blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall), embryonic stage (organogenesis occurs from weeks 3 - 8), and fetal stage (from week 9 until childbirth, characterized by growth and maturation of organs).

Answer:

Question 1: Steroidal hormones are lipid - soluble and act via intracellular receptors to regulate gene expression. Nonsteroidal hormones are water - soluble, bind to cell - surface receptors, and often use second - messengers. Molecules involved include enzymes for second - messengers and chaperones for steroid receptors.
Question 2: Pre - implantation (zygote, cleavage, blastocyst), implantation, embryonic stage (organogenesis), fetal stage (growth and organ maturation).