Question

question 19
emphysema causes shortness of breath and a:
chicken chest
pigeon chest
barreled chest
dyschondroplastic chest

question 20
a diagnosis of \pleurisy\ means that the patient has an inflammation between which layers of the pleura?
pectoral/parietal
serofibrinous/fibrinous
thoracic/diaphragmatic
visceral/parietal

question 21
which of the following muscles are not involved in the breathing process?
scalene muscles
diaphragm
iliacus
intercostal muscles

Explanation:

Question 19

Emphysema is a lung condition. In emphysema, the lungs become over - inflated. This over - inflation causes the chest to take on a barrel - like shape (barreled chest). Chicken chest (pectus excavatum) is a congenital deformity where the sternum is depressed. Pigeon chest (pectus carinatum) is a protrusion of the sternum. Dyschondroplastic chest is a very rare skeletal disorder - related chest deformity not associated with emphysema.

Pleurisy is the inflammation of the pleura. The pleura has two layers - the visceral pleura (covers the lungs) and the parietal pleura (lines the chest cavity). Inflammation between these two layers is what is known as pleurisy. The other options do not represent the correct layers of the pleura involved in pleurisy. Pectoral is related to the chest muscles, serofibrinous/fibrinous are types of exudates (not layers), and thoracic/diaphragmatic are not the two main pleural layers in terms of pleurisy definition.

The diaphragm is the primary muscle of respiration. The intercostal muscles (external and internal) assist in the expansion and contraction of the rib cage during breathing. The scalene muscles can also help in elevating the first two ribs during forced inspiration. The iliacus is a muscle in the hip region (part of the iliopsoas group) and has no role in the breathing process.

Answer:

Barreled Chest

Question 20