Question

primary succession begins on: *
a) a forest recovering from fire
b) soil damaged by flooding
c) bare rock with no soil present
d) a disturbed grassland

Explanation:

Primary succession starts in areas with no soil, like bare rock (where soil hasn't formed yet). Options a, b, d involve areas with existing soil (fire - damaged forest still has soil, flooded soil has soil, disturbed grassland has soil) and are secondary succession. So the correct answer is c.

Answer:

c) Bare rock with no soil present