Question

1. organisms obtain energy in a process called ______
2. cellular respiration occurs in the ______, the powerhouse of a cell.
3. the chemical equation for cellular respiration is:

$c_6h_{12}o_6 + 6o_2 \
ightarrow$ ____ + ____ + energy

1. the function of cellular respiration is to produce ______, the cells energy currency.
2. anaerobic respiration is a type of cellular respiration that does not require ______.
3. ______ processes require oxygen.
4. aerobic respiration includes the ____ cycle and ____ transport.
5. the first stage of cellular respiration is ______.
6. during glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of ______.
7. there are ____ atp molecules produced with a net result of ____ atp’s in glycolysis.
8. ______ is a series of reaction in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide.
9. krebs cycle is also called ______ cycle.
10. the electron transport chain produces ______ atp.
11. ______ is a type of anaerobic respiration that occurs when there is not enough oxygen available.
12. yeasts produce this product during fermentation: ______.
13. humans undergo ______ fermentation when muscles do not have enough oxygen.

Explanation:

1. Organisms obtain energy through cellular respiration, a process that breaks down nutrients to release energy.
2. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria, which are known as the powerhouse of the cell because they generate ATP.
3. The chemical equation for cellular respiration is \( \ce{C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy} \). Glucose and oxygen are reactants, and carbon dioxide, water, and energy (in the form of ATP) are products.
4. The function of cellular respiration is to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the cell's energy currency used for various cellular activities.
5. Anaerobic respiration is a type of cellular respiration that does not require oxygen. It occurs in the absence of oxygen, such as in some bacteria and during strenuous exercise in human muscle cells (lactic acid fermentation).
6. Aerobic processes require oxygen. Aerobic respiration is the process that uses oxygen to break down glucose and other nutrients to produce ATP efficiently.
7. Aerobic respiration includes the Krebs (or citric acid) cycle and electron transport chain. The Krebs cycle breaks down pyruvate to release energy - carrying molecules, and the electron transport chain uses these to generate a large amount of ATP.
8. The first stage of cellular respiration is glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.
9. During glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate (or pyruvic acid). This is the end product of glycolysis, which then enters the mitochondria for further processing in aerobic respiration or undergoes fermentation in anaerobic conditions.
10. There are 4 ATP molecules produced (2 are used in the initial steps, so the net result is 2 ATP's) in glycolysis. The energy investment phase uses 2 ATP, and the energy pay - off phase produces 4 ATP, resulting in a net gain of 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
11. The Krebs cycle (also called the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle) is a series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide. It also produces NADH, FADH₂, and a small amount of ATP.
12. The Krebs cycle is also called the citric acid cycle (or tricarboxylic acid cycle). This is because the first product of the cycle is citric acid (citrate).
13. The electron transport chain produces 32 - 34 ATP. It uses the high - energy electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to pump protons across the mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
14. Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration that occurs when there is not enough oxygen available. It allows cells to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen, although it is less efficient than aerobic respiration.
15. Yeasts produce ethanol (and carbon dioxide) during fermentation. This is alcoholic fermentation, which is used in baking (to make dough rise) and brewing (to make alcoholic beverages).
16. Humans undergo lactic acid fermentation when muscles do not have enough oxygen. This produces lactic acid, which can cause muscle fatigue, but it allows the muscles to continue producing ATP for a short period without oxygen.

Answer:

s:

1. Cellular Respiration
2. Mitochondria
3. \( 6\ce{CO2} \); \( 6\ce{H2O} \)
4. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
5. Oxygen
6. Aerobic
7. Krebs (Citric Acid); Electron
8. Glycolysis
9. Pyruvate (Pyruvic Acid)
10. 4; 2
11. Krebs (Citric Acid / Tricarboxylic Acid)
12. 32 - 34
13. Fermentation
14. Ethanol (and Carbon Dioxide)
15. Lactic Acid