Question

list similarities and differences between the mitochondria and chloroplasts.
what is the endosymbiosis theory? describe how not all eukaryotic cells have chloroplasts but all have mitochondria, evolutionary wise.
what are cilia and flagella? how are they different?
know the parts of the microscope and what purpose they serve.

Explanation:

1. Similarities and differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts: Both are double-membraned organelles with their own DNA/ribosomes (similarities). Mitochondria perform cellular respiration (produce ATP), found in most eukaryotes; chloroplasts perform photosynthesis (produce glucose/O₂), found only in photosynthetic eukaryotes (differences).
2. Endosymbiosis theory: Proposes eukaryotic organelles (mitochondria/chloroplasts) evolved from engulfed prokaryotes that became symbiotic. All eukaryotes inherited mitochondria from an early endosymbiosis event (critical for energy); chloroplasts arose later via engulfment of photosynthetic prokaryotes, so only lineages that retained this symbiont (e.g., plants, algae) have them.
3. Cilia and flagella: Hair-like structures for movement/sensory functions. Cilia are short, numerous, and beat in coordinated waves; flagella are long, few, and beat in undulating motions.
4. Microscope parts and purposes: Key parts include eyepiece (magnify image), objective lenses (vary magnification), stage (hold slide), diaphragm (adjust light), coarse/fine focus knobs (sharpens image), and light source (illuminate specimen).

Answer:

1. Similarities: Double-membraned, own DNA/ribosomes. Differences: Mitochondria (respiration, most eukaryotes); chloroplasts (photosynthesis, photosynthetic eukaryotes).
2. Endosymbiosis theory: Eukaryotic organelles from engulfed symbiotic prokaryotes. Mitochondria evolved first (universal energy need); chloroplasts later (only photosynthetic lineages retained).
3. Cilia/flagella: Movement/sensory structures. Cilia: short, numerous, coordinated beats; flagella: long, few, undulating beats.
4. Microscope parts: Eyepiece (magnify), objectives (vary magnification), stage (hold slide), diaphragm (light control), focus knobs (sharpen), light source (illuminate).