Question

2.1 list five bones in the turtle that are homologous to bones in other vertebrates (such as humans).
2.2 of what materials is a turtles shell constructed?
2.3 are turtles synapsid, diapsid, or anapsid reptiles? how do you know?

Explanation:

Step1: Identify homologous bones

Homologous bones have similar evolutionary - origin. In turtles and humans, radius, ulna, humerus, femur, and tibia are homologous. The radius and ulna in the turtle's fore - limb are similar to the radius and ulna in the human forearm. The humerus in the turtle's fore - limb is similar to the human humerus. The femur and tibia in the turtle's hind - limb are similar to the human thigh and lower leg bones.

Step2: Determine shell material

A turtle's shell is constructed mainly of keratin (on the outer scutes) and bone (the underlying bony plates). Keratin is a protein also found in human nails and hair, and the bone is similar to other vertebrate bone tissue.

Step3: Classify turtle type

Turtles are anapsid reptiles. Anapsids lack temporal fenestrae (openings in the temporal region of the skull). Turtles' skulls do not have these fenestrae, which differentiates them from synapsids (which have one temporal fenestra) and diapsids (which have two temporal fenestrae).

Answer:

2.1 Radius, ulna, humerus, femur, tibia
2.2 Keratin and bone
2.3 Turtles are anapsid reptiles. They lack temporal fenestrae in their skulls.