Question

Question was provided via image upload.

Explanation:

Analyze the sampling frame and method

The target population is all users of the news website. The website selects a random sample of 10,000 registered users, which excludes non-registered users who also visit the site. This systematic exclusion of a segment of the population from the sampling frame introduces undercoverage bias.

Analyze the response method

The survey is administered via email. Email surveys typically suffer from low response rates because participation is voluntary. Users who choose not to respond may have different browsing habits than those who do, introducing nonresponse bias.

Determine the combined risks of bias

Because the sampling frame excludes unregistered users (undercoverage) and the email delivery method relies on voluntary response where many will not reply (nonresponse), the survey results are at risk for both nonresponse bias and undercoverage.

Answer:

• The survey results are not at risk for any bias.
• The survey results are most at risk for nonresponse bias.
• The survey results are at risk for nonresponse bias and undercoverage. (Correct answer)
• The survey results are most at risk for undercoverage.