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To answer these biology study guide questions, we'll address each one:

Question 1: Difference between scientific theory and law

• A scientific theory is a well - supported explanation of natural phenomena (e.g., the theory of evolution explains how species change over time). It is based on extensive evidence from experiments, observations, and data analysis and can be revised as new evidence emerges.
• A scientific law is a statement that describes a natural phenomenon (e.g., Newton’s law of gravity, the law of conservation of energy) but does not explain why it happens. Laws are often mathematical and describe consistent, observable patterns.

Question 2: Dominant allele (E) and recessive (e) - offspring probability

• The parents are both heterozygous (Ee, since they have a dominant allele E and recessive e). Using a Punnett square:
• Parent 1: E, e
• Parent 2: E, e
• Offspring genotypes: EE (1/4), Ee (2/4), ee (1/4).
• Dominant phenotype (E_: EE or Ee) occurs in \( \frac{3}{4} \) (75%) of offspring, recessive (ee) in \( \frac{1}{4} \) (25%).

Question 3: RNA nitrogenous bases and pairing

• RNA bases: Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G).
• Pairing: A pairs with U, C pairs with G.

Question 4: DNA nitrogenous bases and pairing

• DNA bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G).
• Pairing: A pairs with T, C pairs with G.

Question 5: Difference between DNA and RNA

• One easy way: DNA is double - stranded, RNA is usually single - stranded. Or, DNA has Thymine (T), RNA has Uracil (U); DNA has deoxyribose sugar, RNA has ribose sugar.

Question 6: mRNA sequence (AUGGUAAAUCG A) into codons

• Codons are 3 - nucleotide sequences. The sequence AUGGUAAAUCG A (assuming a typo, maybe AUGGUAAAU CGA) is divided as: AUG, GGU, AAA, UCG, A (if the last “A” is a typo, or AUG, GGU, AAA, UCG, A could be adjusted. Correctly, for AUGGUAAAU CGA: AUG, GGU, AAA, UCG, A (but typically, mRNA is read in 3 - letter codons, so AUG, GGU, AAA, UCG, and if there’s an extra A, it might be a mistake. Assuming the sequence is AUGGUAAAUCG A (with a space), it’s AUG, GGU, AAA, UCG, A (but standard codons are 3 - bases, so maybe the intended sequence is AUGGUAAAU CGA, giving AUG, GGU, AAA, UCG, A (but the last A is a single base, which is unusual).

Question 7: Point mutation and its effect on polypeptide

• A point mutation is a change in a single nucleotide (e.g., substitution, insertion, or deletion of one base).
• Substitution: May change one amino acid (if the codon changes) or have no effect (silent mutation, if the new codon codes for the same amino acid).
• Insertion/deletion: Can cause a frameshift, shifting the reading frame and changing all subsequent amino acids, often resulting in a non - functional protein.

Question 8: Polyploidy mutation

• Polyploidy is a chromosomal mutation (change in chromosome number) where an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes (e.g., 3n, 4n). In plants, it can be helpful (e.g., larger fruits, increased vigor) as it often leads to new traits and can be a mechanism for speciation.

Question 9: Difference between inference and observation

• Observation: Directly seeing or measuring a phenomenon (e.g., “The plant has yellow leaves” – a fact from senses).
• Inference: A conclusion based on observation and prior knowledge (e.g., “The plant has yellow leaves, so it might be lacking nitrogen” – an interpretation, not a direct observation).

Question 10: Property of water for hydrogen bonds

• Water is polar: The oxygen atom has a partial negative charge, and hydrogen atoms have partial positive charges. This polarity allows hydrogen bonds to form between the partial positive H of one water molecule and the partial negative O of another water molecule.

(Note: For the “Answer” column in the study guide, you can summarize these key points for each question.)