fall dca review
dna structure
label 1-5 in the structure to the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1. is this dna or rna? ____ how do you know?

2. what is the monomer of a nucleic acid?
3. which number codes for the traits of an organism? ____
cell cycle/mitosis
4. define replication:
5. where in the cells does it occur?
6. label the stages of the cell cycle in the picture to the left.
7. define cancer.
8. what is the purpose of mitosis?
9. how many genetically identical cells are created?
gene expression
1. the genetic code in dna is universal, which means-
2. how is it possible that cells with the same dna can differentiate into cells that have specialized functions?
3. gene regulation is the process that

Question

fall dca review
dna structure
label 1-5 in the structure to the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1. is this dna or rna? ____ how do you know?

2. what is the monomer of a nucleic acid?
3. which number codes for the traits of an organism? ____
cell cycle/mitosis
4. define replication:
5. where in the cells does it occur?
6. label the stages of the cell cycle in the picture to the left.
7. define cancer.
8. what is the purpose of mitosis?
9. how many genetically identical cells are created?
gene expression
1. the genetic code in dna is universal, which means-
2. how is it possible that cells with the same dna can differentiate into cells that have specialized functions?
3. gene regulation is the process that

Accepted Answer

# Brief Explanations:
### DNA Structure Labeling (1 - 5):
1. **1**: The structure with "A" (adenine) and its complementary base (thymine, since it's DNA) is a base pair. So 1 is a **base pair** (adenine - thymine pair).
2. **2**: The oval with a pentagon (sugar, deoxyribose) and a phosphate? No, wait—the structure labeled 2 has a pentagon (deoxyribose) and a base (adenine's complement? Wait, no—looking at the diagram, 2 is a **nucleotide** (sugar, phosphate, base? Wait, no, the diagram: 2 is a circle with pentagon (sugar), base, and phosphate? Wait, no, the DNA structure: each nucleotide has a sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, and base. So 2 is a **nucleotide** (specifically, a nucleotide with adenine? Wait, the diagram shows 2 pointing to a structure with a pentagon (sugar), a base (the arrow points to the base - like structure), and a phosphate? Wait, maybe 2 is a **nucleotide** (sugar + base + phosphate? Wait, no, the DNA backbone is sugar - phosphate, with bases in the middle. So 1: base pair (A - T or G - C), 2: nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, base), 3: phosphate group (the circle - like structure), 4: deoxyribose sugar (the pentagon), 5: hydrogen bonds (between G and C, or A and T; the arrow points to the bonds between bases).

### 1. Is this DNA or RNA?
This is **DNA**. Reason: It has deoxyribose (the pentagon is deoxyribose, not ribose) and thymine (or the base pairing is A - T, G - C; RNA has uracil instead of thymine, and ribose instead of deoxyribose). Also, DNA is double - stranded (the diagram shows two strands), while RNA is usually single - stranded.

### 2. Monomer of Nucleic Acid:
The monomer of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) is a **nucleotide**. A nucleotide consists of a sugar (deoxyribose for DNA, ribose for RNA), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

### 3. Number coding for traits:
The number (or part) that codes for traits is the **gene** (but in the DNA structure, the bases (5, or the base - pairing region) code for traits. Wait, the question is "Which NUMBER codes for the traits...", referring to the labeled 1 - 5. The bases (the part with the base pairs, or the nitrogenous bases) code for traits. So likely 5 (the base, or the base - pairing region) or the base - containing part. But genes are made of DNA sequences (bases), so the number associated with the base (like 5, which is the base - base interaction or the base itself) codes for traits.

### Cell Cycle/Mitosis:
4. **Replication**: Replication is the process of **copying DNA** (during the S - phase of the cell cycle) to produce two identical DNA molecules. This ensures that each new cell gets a complete set of genetic information.
5. **Where does replication occur?** In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication occurs in the **nucleus** (since DNA is stored in the nucleus).
6. **Label cell cycle stages** (the pie - chart): The cell cycle has stages: **G1** (Gap 1, growth), **S** (Synthesis, DNA replication), **G2** (Gap 2, preparation for mitosis), and **M** (Mitosis, cell division) + **Cytokinesis** (cell splitting). The pie - chart: the labeled "G1", "S phase (DNA Replication)", "G2", and "Mitosis (M phase)" + the outer part (cytokinesis, the two cells being formed).
7. **Define Cancer**: Cancer is a disease where **cells divide uncontrollably** (due to mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle), leading to the formation of tumors (benign or malignant) and potential spread (metastasis) to other parts of the body.
8. **Purpose of Mitosis**: The purpose of mitosis is to **produce two genetically identical daughter cells** for growth, repair (replacing damaged cells), and asexual reproduction (in some organisms).
9. **Number of genetically identical cells**: Mitosis produces **2** genetically identical daughter cells (diploid, same as the parent cell).

### Gene Expression:
1. **Universal genetic code**: The genetic code in DNA is universal, meaning that **the same codons (three - base sequences) code for the same amino acids in almost all living organisms** (e.g., UUU codes for phenylalanine in bacteria, plants, and animals). This suggests a common evolutionary origin.
2. **Cell differentiation with same DNA**: Cells with the same DNA can differentiate (become specialized) because of **gene regulation**—different genes are "turned on" or "turned off" in different cell types. For example, a liver cell and a muscle cell have the same DNA, but different genes are expressed (e.g., liver - specific genes vs. muscle - specific genes).
3. **Gene regulation**: Gene regulation is the process that **controls when and how genes are expressed** (turned on or off, or the rate of expression) to produce specific proteins, allowing cells to differentiate and respond to their environment.

# Answer:
### DNA Structure (1 - 5 Labels):
1. Base Pair (A - T pair)
2. Nucleotide
3. Phosphate Group
4. Deoxyribose Sugar
5. Hydrogen Bonds (between bases)

### 1. DNA or RNA?
DNA; It has deoxyribose (sugar), base pairs (A - T, G - C), and is double - stranded (RNA has ribose, uracil, and is single - stranded).

### 2. Monomer of Nucleic Acid:
Nucleotide (consists of sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base).

### 3. Number coding for traits:
5 (or the base - containing region, as genes (DNA sequences) code for traits).

### Cell Cycle/Mitosis:
4. Replication: Process of copying DNA to produce two identical DNA molecules (during S - phase).
5. Occurs in the nucleus (eukaryotic cells).
6. Cell cycle stages: G1 (growth), S (DNA replication), G2 (preparation for mitosis), M (mitosis), and Cytokinesis (cell division).
7. Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division (due to mutated cell cycle - regulating genes), forming tumors.
8. Purpose of mitosis: Produce two genetically identical daughter cells for growth, repair, asexual reproduction.
9. 2 genetically identical cells.

### Gene Expression:
1. Universal code: Same codons code for same amino acids across most organisms (common ancestry).
2. Differentiation: Gene regulation (different genes expressed in different cells).
3. Gene regulation: Controls gene expression (when/ how genes are turned on/off) to produce specific proteins.

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QUESTION IMAGE

Question

Explanation:

DNA Structure Labeling (1 - 5):

1. Is this DNA or RNA?

2. Monomer of Nucleic Acid:

3. Number coding for traits:

Cell Cycle/Mitosis:

Answer:

DNA Structure (1 - 5 Labels):

1. DNA or RNA?

2. Monomer of Nucleic Acid:

3. Number coding for traits:

Cell Cycle/Mitosis:

Gene Expression: