Question

\i, edward, by the grace of god king of england, sent this decree to the reverend father in christ william, by the grace of god archbishop of canterbury, supreme church leader of all england: know that, because of the great number of people who died in the recent pestilence, those who survive see that masters need servants, which have become scarce, and so they now refuse to serve as workmen unless they receive excessive wages. that is why, i, considering the grave inconveniences that might come from the lack of such workmen, especially plowmen, and after consultations with the nobles and clergy of the realm, have decided that every man and woman of our realm of england shall be required to serve his or her lord at the wages that were provided five years ago, in the year 1346. the lords are entitled to keep their serfs. if any such serf, man or woman, who is required to serve their lord will not do so, they shall be immediately committed to jail.\ king edward iii of england, the statute of laborers, royal decree, 1351 16. the terminology used in the opening sentence of the decree was most directly influenced by which of the following? (a) the notion that the pope is the supreme leader of the church (b) the medieval rules of chivalry and courtly etiquette (c) the deep influence of christianity on medieval society and culture (d) the slow and uncertain nature of communications in medieval europe 17. the process of \consultations with the nobles and clergy of the realm\ in the making of edward iiis decree best reflects which of the following? (a) the emergence of the concept that parliaments, rather than kings, had ultimate political authority in european states (b) the fragmented, decentralized nature of european feudal monarchies (c) the legacy of roman imperial political traditions on medieval european states (d) european rulers practice of making harsh legislation more palatable by claiming it was part of gods will \the east african coast was certainly known to the people of arabia by the eighth century b.c.e. in fact, the ancient southern arabian state of ausan traded extensively there and may have actually held a portion of the coast. traders who reached the coast discovered a number of potentially valuable raw materials there. among these were spices, tortoise shell, coconut oil, ivory, and later, gold and slaves. it was not until almost 1000 c.e., however, that the first important commercial city-states emerged along the coast. these city-states fluctuated in wealth and prestige as they competed for coastal hegemony. because of their way of life, they tended to have a broad regional perspective. their destinies and fortunes were at least partly determined in distant lands by foreign merchants and rulers. information on early political aspects of east african states remains very limited. we know that they had kings or sultans, who wielded a good deal of power. sultans were advised by councils of princes, elders, and members of the ruling household. it seems probable that the sultan and his close relatives controlled the religious and military offices of the state.\ terry h. elkiss, historian, \kilwa kisiwani: the rise of an east african city-state,\ article published in african studies review, a scholarly journal, 1973. 18. the interregional connections of states such as those on the east african coast can best be used as an illustration of the continued importance of which of the following? (a) international diplomacy (b) polytheistic religions (c) long - distance trade (d) patriarchal gender norms

Explanation:

• Question 16: The opening sentence mentions "by the grace of God" and refers to a "reverend father in Christ". This religious terminology is a clear indication of the deep influence of Christianity on medieval society and culture. Christianity was a dominant force in medieval Europe, shaping language, governance, and social structures.
• Question 17: Consulting nobles and clergy reflects the fragmented, decentralized nature of European feudal monarchies. In feudalism, power was distributed among different classes (nobles, clergy, etc.), and monarchs often had to consult these groups, as they held significant local power and influence.
• Question 18: The East African coast's connections, such as trade with Arabia (mentioned spices, tortoise shell, etc.), illustrate long - distance trade. Trade was a major factor in inter - regional connections, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultural elements over long distances.

Answer:

1. C. The deep influence of Christianity on medieval society and culture
2. B. The fragmented, decentralized nature of European feudal monarchies
3. C. Long - distance trade