Question

the dirt exerts a force that pushes back against the shovel (red arrow). what do we call this force? resistance force output force

Explanation:

A resistance force opposes the motion or action of an applied force. In this case, the dirt pushing back against the shovel is resisting the shovel's movement. An output force is the force exerted by a machine or tool (like the shovel) on an object. Here, the force in question is the dirt's reaction (resistance) not the shovel's output.

Answer:

resistance force