Question

dating methods based on laboratory treatment or analysis of various items recovered from an excavation that can tell us, for example, how many years ago a rock layer formed, are called
numerical dating methods
\layer cake\ dating methods
relative dating methods
allometric dating methods

Explanation:

Numerical dating methods, also known as absolute dating methods, use laboratory techniques (such as radiometric dating) to assign a specific age (in years) to a rock layer or fossil. "Layer - cake" is a metaphor for relative stratigraphic order in relative dating (which only gives age order, not numerical age). Allometric dating is not a standard archaeological/geological dating term related to the description.

Answer:

numerical dating methods