Question

african women who are trying to eliminate female genital cutting from their own societies are often not happy when american outsiders like mary daly and alice walker denounce the practice as a human rights abuse. why?

when outsiders publicly condemn traditional rituals like clitoridectomy and infibulation, they may do more harm than good.

outsiders condemnations of female genital cutting sound too much like the ethnocentric, reductionist critiques of \barbaric\ african customs that europeans once used to justify colonial conquest.

western women who want to help eliminate female genital cutting are likely to be more effective if they pay close attention to what african women who are directly affected by the practice have to say about its meaning in their lives.

all of the above are true.

Explanation:

• Option 1: Outsiders' public condemnation may cause backlash, making the situation worse instead of better.
• Option 2: The condemnation can be seen as similar to past ethnocentric colonial - era critiques.
• Option 3: Ignoring the voices of directly - affected African women reduces the effectiveness of efforts.

Since all these points are valid reasons for African women's unhappiness with American outsiders' denouncements, all options are correct.

Answer:

All of the above are true.