Question

1. the purpose of management by objectives is to:

a. enable top management to set goals for the entire organization.
b. simplify the jobs of middle management by providing them with predetermined goals and objectives,
c. help employees motivate themselves with a goal - setting model that involves, discussion, review, and evaluation by
management and employees.
d. allow employees to set their own goals without consulting with management.

1. according to expectancy theory, the amount of effort employees exert on a specific task depends on their:

a. expectations of the outcome.
b. managers expectations of their performance.
c. perception of the importance of the task.
d. level of needs that are not yet satisfied.

1. _______ theory is based on the idea that employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to

others in similar positions.
a. expectancy
b. reinforcement
c. equity
d. goal - setting

1. as companies restructure to create greater efficiencies in their operations, there is a greater opportunity for

_________ where management combines specialized tasks in one job, and asking employees to broaden their scope
of responsibilities.
a. job enlargement
b. job simplification
c. job specialization
d. job confrontation

1. ________ is a work schedule that gives employees some freedom to choose when to work, as long as they work

the required number of hours.
a. fringe benefits
b. affirmative action
c. job sharing
d. flextime plan

1. every month sam tabor is assigned a different job at russo & daughters financial consulting. sam enjoys the task

variety and finds that switching jobs on a regular basis keeps the work from becoming boring. russo & daughters is using
a technique known as job:
a. branching.
b. sharing.
c. shopping.
d. rotation.

1. laura benitez was hired as a management trainee by simulex corporation through a special program designed to

ight past wrongs\ by giving females and minorities greater opportunities for employment and advancement. the
program is enforced by the equal employment opportunity commission. laura was hired through a(n)
program.
a. discrimination alleviation
b. cultural diversity
c. positive response
d. affirmative action

Explanation:

• Question 23: Management by objectives (MBO) involves a collaborative goal - setting process between management and employees. It is not just top - down (A is wrong) or pre - determined for middle management (B is wrong), and employees do not set goals in isolation (D is wrong).
• Question 24: Expectancy theory posits that employee effort is based on their expectations of the outcome (A). Manager's expectations (B) are not the focus of expectancy theory. Perception of task importance (C) relates more to other motivation theories like the importance in job characteristics theory. Level of unsatisfied needs (D) is from Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
• Question 25: Equity theory is centered around maintaining equity between inputs and outputs compared to others (C). Expectancy theory (A) is about effort - outcome expectations. Reinforcement theory (B) is about behavior - consequence relationships. Goal - setting theory (D) is about setting specific goals.
• Question 26: Job enlargement involves combining specialized tasks to broaden an employee's responsibilities (A). Job simplification (B) makes jobs simpler. Job specialization (C) is the opposite of combining tasks. Job confrontation (D) is not a recognized job design term.
• Question 27: Flextime plan gives employees the freedom to choose work times as long as they meet the required hours (D). Fringe benefits (A) are non - wage compensations. Affirmative action (B) is about equal employment opportunities. Job sharing (C) is when two or more people share a job.
• Question 28: Job rotation is when an employee is moved through different jobs regularly (D). Job branching (A) is not a standard term. Job sharing (B) is sharing a job. Job shopping (C) is not a recognized job design term.
• Question 29: Affirmative action programs aim to give females and minorities more employment and advancement opportunities (D). Discrimination alleviation (A) is too broad. Cultural diversity (B) is about having a diverse workforce but not specifically the program described. Positive response (C) is not a standard term for this type of program.

Answer:

1. C. help employees motivate themselves with a goal - setting model that involves, discussion, review, and evaluation by management and employees.
2. A. expectations of the outcome.
3. C. Equity
4. A. job enlargement
5. D. flextime plan
6. D. rotation
7. D. affirmative action