Question

1. what is given by the natural vegetation to man?
2. what are the migratory bird and where do they come from ?
3. in which three periods the historians have divided the indian history?
4. when modern period start in india?
5. when independence state of hyderabad was founded and who founded it?
6. write down the names of european powers who came to india during the modern period?
7. who was the first portuguese to reach india?
8. write down the names of the four portuguese settlements.
9. where the dutch established their colonies,?
10. when and from which mughal emperor the british got the privilege to free trade ?
11. who was the founder of civil service in india?
12. which was the highest post given to indian sipahi?
13. what was the permanent settlement but were economic effects of the system?
14. write a note on indigo revolt.
15. what do you mean by the supremacy of the constitution?
16. what is the importance of preamble of the constitution?
17. how is the soil resources being conserved?
18. why should we use the exhaustible resources wise and use with hesitation?
19. write a short note on the importance of land and the soil resources.

1 1 to7 roll number of 8th class students make a project file building of modern period.

1. 8 to 14 roll number students of 8th class make a model of regarding metallic minerals
2. 15 to 21 roll number students of 8th class make a model of rabi and kharif crops.
3. 22 to 28 roll number students of 8th class make a project file regarding tribal people.

Explanation:

🆕 New Concept Discovered: Historical Periodisation and Colonial Impact
Dividing history into eras to understand change over time.

Step 1: Geography and Environment (Questions 12, 13, 28, 29, 30)

* **12. Natural Vegetation Benefits:** Natural vegetation provides humans with timber, firewood, medicinal plants, oxygen, fruits, nuts, and raw materials for industries (like paper and rubber). It also prevents soil erosion and helps recharge groundwater.
* **13. Migratory Birds:** Migratory birds are birds that fly long distances from colder northern regions to warmer regions every year to escape harsh winters, find food, and breed. They come to India from places like Siberia, Central Asia, and Northern Europe (e.g., Siberian Cranes).
* **28. Soil Conservation Methods:** Soil resources are conserved through methods such as:
* **Afforestation:** Planting more trees to bind the soil.
* **Terrace Farming:** Cutting steps into hill slopes to slow down water runoff.
* **Contour Ploughing:** Ploughing parallel to the contours of a hill slope.
* **Crop Rotation:** Growing different crops sequentially to maintain soil fertility.
* **Shelterbelts:** Planting rows of trees along coastal or dry regions to check wind movement.
* **29. Wise Use of Exhaustible Resources:** Exhaustible (non-renewable) resources like coal, petroleum, and minerals are limited in nature and take millions of years to form. We must use them wisely and with hesitation because once depleted, they cannot be quickly replaced, leading to an energy crisis for future generations.
* **30. Importance of Land and Soil Resources:**
* **Land:** It is the fundamental resource supporting human habitation, agriculture, forestry, transport, and industrial setups.
* **Soil:** It is the vital thin layer covering the land surface that supports plant growth, acts as a natural habitat for micro-organisms, and forms the basis of global agriculture and food security.

Step 2: Indian History - Periods and Early Modern Era (Questions 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21)

* **14. Three Periods of Indian History:** Historians generally divide Indian history into:
1. Ancient Period
2. Medieval Period
3. Modern Period
* **15. Start of Modern Period in India:** The modern period in India is generally considered to have started in the **18th century** (following the decline of the Mughal Empire after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 and the rise of British political power).
* **16. Independence State of Hyderabad:** The independent state of Hyderabad was founded in **1724** by **Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan** (popularly known as **Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I**).
* **17. European Powers in India:** The major European powers that came to India during the modern period were:
1. The Portuguese
2. The Dutch
3. The British (English)
4. The French
5. The Danes (Danish)
* **18. First Portuguese to Reach India:** **Vasco da Gama** was the first Portuguese explorer to reach India (at Calicut) in **1498**.
* **19. Four Portuguese Settlements:** Four major Portuguese settlements in India were:
1. Goa
2. Daman
3. Diu
4. Cochin (Kochi)
* **20. Dutch Colonies in India:** The Dutch established their trading factories and colonies in places such as **Masulipatnam**, **Pulicat**, **Surat**, **Chinsurah** (Bengal), **Nagapatnam**, and **Cochin**.
* **21. British Free Trade Privilege:** The British East India Company obtained the privilege of duty-free trade (Farman) in **1717** from the Mughal Emperor **Farrukhsiyar**.

Step 3: British Administration, Policies, and Revolts (Questions 22, 23, 24, 25)

* **22. Founder of Civil Service in India:** **Lord Cornwallis** is considered the founder of the Civil Service in India.
* **23. Highest Post for Indian Sipahi:** Under British rule, the highest post an Indian soldier (sipahi) could generally rise to was that of a **Subedar**.
* **24. Permanent Settlement and Economic Effects:**
* **What it was:** Introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal in 1793, it fixed the land revenue permanently that Zamindars had to pay to the British East India Company.
* **Economic Effects:**
* It led to the exploitation of peasants (ryots) who were evicted if they couldn't pay high rents.
* Zamindars lost their lands if they failed to pay the fixed revenue on time.
* It created a class of wealthy landlords loyal to the British, while impoverishing the rural agrarian economy.
* **25. Note on Indigo Revolt (1859):** The Indigo Revolt (or *Nil Bidroha*) was a peasant movement in Bengal where farmers refused to grow indigo. British planters forced farmers to grow indigo under highly exploitative contracts instead of food crops. In 1859, thousands of ryots in Bengal refused to grow indigo, attacked factories, and boycotted planters. The rebellion was highly organized and supported by local intellectuals, eventually forcing the government to set up the Indigo Commission, which declared that planters could not force ryots to grow indigo.

Step 4: Civics and Constitution (Questions 26, 27)

* **26. Supremacy of the Constitution:** This principle means that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land. All organs of the government (Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary) derive their authority from it, and any law or executive action that violates the Constitution is declared invalid.
* **27. Importance of the Preamble:** The Preamble is the introductory statement to the Constitution. It is important because:
* It outlines the core values, philosophy, and objectives of the Constitution (Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity).
* It declares the nature of the Indian State (Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic).
* It acts as a key to understanding the minds of the constitution-makers and helps courts interpret ambiguous laws.

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Answer:

Geography & Environment

• 12: Natural vegetation provides timber, oxygen, medicinal plants, prevents soil erosion, and maintains ecological balance.
• 13: Migratory birds fly long distances to escape cold winters. They come to India from cold regions like Siberia and Central Asia.
• 28: Soil is conserved through afforestation, terrace farming, contour ploughing, crop rotation, and shelterbelts.
• 29: Exhaustible resources are limited and take millions of years to form; using them carefully prevents future energy crises.
• 30: Land supports human settlements and industries; soil is the vital layer that supports plant growth and agriculture.

History

• 14: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern periods.
• 15: In the 18th century.
• 16: Founded in 1724 by Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I.
• 17: Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French.
• 18: Vasco da Gama (1498).
• 19: Goa, Daman, Diu, and Cochin.
• 20: Masulipatnam, Pulicat, Surat, and Chinsurah.
• 21: In 1717 from Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar.
• 22: Lord Cornwallis.
• 23: Subedar.
• 24: A system fixing land revenue permanently (1793). It impoverished peasants and led to land loss for zamindars who defaulted.
• 25: A major peasant uprising in Bengal (1859) against British planters forcing them to grow indigo under exploitative terms.

Civics

• 26: The Constitution is the supreme law; all government bodies must act according to its rules.
• 27: The Preamble is the preface of the Constitution containing its core values (Justice, Liberty, Equality) and goals.