Question

when proof reading her own paper, jennifer swears she read \psychology and sociology have many similarites and differences.\ in fact, the paper actually contained the following: \psychology and and sociology have many similarities and differences.\ jennifer has made which type of schema error?
insertion
omission
redundancy
proof reading bias
question 2
in the eye - witness testimony experiment by loftus and palmer, what variable was manipulated to see if it would cause a change in the estimate of speed?
the intensity of the word in their question
the age of the person driving the vehicle that was hit
the gender of the person driving the vehicle at fault
the color of the vehicles

Explanation:

For the first question:

• Insertion error means adding something that wasn't there. Jennifer thought she saw "similarites" (an incorrect form, but more importantly, she didn't notice the extra "and" in the actual text). Omission is leaving something out, which isn't the case here. Redundancy is about unnecessary repetition, but the key is that she mis - perceived the text. Proof - reading bias is a more general term, but the specific schema error here is that she inserted a wrong perception (thinking there was no extra "and" and the correct spelling of "similarities") instead of seeing the actual text.

For the second question:

• In Loftus and Palmer's experiment, they manipulated the verb (which is related to the intensity of the word in the question) in the question asked to eyewitnesses (e.g., "hit", "smashed" etc.) to see how it affected the speed estimate. The age, gender of the driver and color of the vehicles were not the manipulated variables in this particular experiment focused on the effect of question wording on speed estimates.

Answer:

1. insertion
2. the intensity of the word in their question