Question

secondary succession occurs when: *
a) life begins on volcanic rock
b) an ecosystem restarts after a disturbance
c) a glacier forms a new valley
d) a biome changes due to climate shift

Explanation:

To determine when secondary succession occurs, we analyze each option:

• Option a: Life beginning on volcanic rock is primary succession (starting on bare, inorganic surfaces).
• Option b: Secondary succession is the ecological process where an ecosystem recovers/restarts after a disturbance (like fire, flood) that doesn’t destroy the soil or all organisms.
• Option c: Glacier forming a new valley creates a barren, inorganic environment, initiating primary succession.
• Option d: Biome change due to climate shift is a long - term ecological change, not secondary succession (which is about recovery after a disturbance).

So the correct option is b as it matches the definition of secondary succession.

Answer:

b) An ecosystem restarts after a disturbance