Question

the resting membrane potential depends on two factors that influence the magnitude and direction of na+ and k+ diffusion across the plasma membrane. identify these two factors.
the presence of concentration gradients and na+-k+ pumps
the presence of concentration gradients and voltage - gated channels
the presence of concentration gradients and leak channels
the presence of a resting membrane potential and leak channels

Explanation:

• Concentration gradients drive the movement of \(Na^{+}\) and \(K^{+}\) ions. Leak channels allow for the passive diffusion of these ions across the plasma membrane, which is crucial for establishing the resting membrane potential.
• \(Na^{+}-K^{+}\) pumps are involved in maintaining concentration gradients but are not directly related to the diffusion - based factors for resting membrane potential in the way the question asks. Voltage - gated channels are mainly active during action potentials, not for the resting state. A resting membrane potential is the result, not a factor influencing its own formation in the context of ion diffusion.

Answer:

The presence of concentration gradients and leak channels.