Question

question 29 (1 point)
which of the following elements has the smallest atomic radius?
o a bromine
b sulfur
o c selenium
d chlorine

question 30 (1 point)
what is the charge of a cation?
o a no charge
b the charge depends on the size of the nucleus.
o c a negative charge
d a positive charge

question 31 (1 point)
which of the following statements is true about ions?
o a anions form when an atom loses protons.
b anions form when an atom gains protons.
o c cations form when an atom gains electrons.
d cations form when an atom loses electrons.

Explanation:

• Question 29:
• Atomic radius trends: In a period (left - to - right), atomic radius decreases due to increased nuclear charge pulling electrons closer. In a group (top - to - bottom), atomic radius increases as electron shells are added. Chlorine (\(Cl\)) is in period 3, bromine (\(Br\)) in period 4, sulfur (\(S\)) and selenium (\(Se\)) in groups 16 (with \(S\) in period 3 and \(Se\) in period 4). So, \(Cl\) has the smallest atomic radius among the given elements.
• Question 30:
• Cation definition: A cation is formed when an atom loses electrons. Since electrons are negatively charged, losing them results in a net positive charge.
• Question 31:
• Ion formation:
• Anions form when an atom gains electrons (not protons, as protons are in the nucleus and not easily gained/lost in normal ion - formation processes).
• Cations form when an atom loses electrons. Gaining electrons would form an anion.

Answer:

• Question 29: d. chlorine
• Question 30: d. a positive charge
• Question 31: d. Cations form when an atom loses electrons.