Question

in operant conditioning paradigms, the rate of a voluntary response is increased by ________ and decreased by ________. reinforcement; punishment positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement food; brain stimulation positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement

Explanation:

In operant conditioning, reinforcement (both positive and negative) increases the likelihood of a voluntary response occurring again, while punishment decreases that likelihood. Positive reinforcement adds a pleasant stimulus, negative reinforcement removes an aversive one to increase behavior. Punishment, whether positive (adding an aversive) or negative (removing a pleasant), reduces behavior.

Answer:

A. reinforcement; punishment