Question

marcus damaged part of his skull many years ago in a skateboarding accident. he now has an indentation where the damage occurred. his friend, not knowing about the accident, tells marcus that the indentation in that area of his skull must mean he is introverted. marcus friend is relying on an old methodology called

o functionalism.
o structuralism.
o phrenology.
o trephination.

Explanation:

The friend links skull shape (indentation) to personality (introversion), which is the core of phrenology—an outdated theory claiming skull features correspond to mental traits. Functionalism focuses on purpose of behaviors, structuralism on breaking down mental processes, and trephination is skull drilling; none match this scenario.

Answer:

phrenology.