Question

genetics packet
allele, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous

1. below each of the words are choices. circle the choices that are examples of that word.

dominant allele
d e k l n n r s g g
recessive allele
m n d f g r j b l s

1. for each genotype below, indicate whether it is heterozygous (he) or homozygous (ho)

aa ____ ee __ ii __ mm ____
bb ____ ff __ jj __ nn ____
cc ____ gg __ kk __ oo ____
dd ____ hh __ ll __ pp ____

1. for each of these genes, give the genotype that would be homozygous dominant (hd), heterozygous (he), and homozygous recessive (hr).

f □ hd: ____ he: __ hr: __ m □ hd: __ he: __ hr: ____
q □ hd: ____ he: __ hr: __ y □ hd: __ he: __ hr: ____
e □ hd: ____ he: __ hr: __ z □ hd: __ he: __ hr: ____

1. state whether each of these genotypes is homozygous dominant, heterozygous, or homozygous recessive.

hh __________________ vv ________________ bb __________________

1. label each of the following as either an allele, genotype, or phenotype.

aa ____________ h __________ w ____________
b ____________ hair color __________ aa ____________
blue eyes ____________ mm __________ purple flower ____________

Explanation:

Step1: Solve Question 1 (Dominant & Recessive Alleles)

• Dominant alleles are typically represented by uppercase letters (since dominant traits are expressed when at least one dominant allele is present). So for "Dominant Allele", circle the uppercase letters: \( D, L, N, R, G \).
• Recessive alleles are typically represented by lowercase letters (recessive traits are expressed only when two recessive alleles are present). So for "Recessive Allele", circle the lowercase letters: \( n, d, r, s \).

Step2: Solve Question 2 (Heterozygous vs. Homozygous)

• Homozygous (Ho): Genotype has two identical alleles (both uppercase or both lowercase).
• Heterozygous (He): Genotype has two different alleles (one uppercase, one lowercase).
• \( AA \): Ho (both uppercase, identical)
• \( Ee \): He (one uppercase, one lowercase)
• \( Ii \): He (one uppercase, one lowercase)
• \( Mm \): He (one uppercase, one lowercase)
• \( bb \): Ho (both lowercase, identical)
• \( ff \): Ho (both lowercase, identical)
• \( Jj \): He (one uppercase, one lowercase)
• \( nn \): Ho (both lowercase, identical)
• \( CC \): Ho (both uppercase, identical)
• \( Gg \): He (one uppercase, one lowercase)
• \( kk \): Ho (both lowercase, identical)
• \( oo \): Ho (both lowercase, identical)
• \( Dd \): He (one uppercase, one lowercase)
• \( HH \): Ho (both uppercase, identical)
• \( LL \): Ho (both uppercase, identical)
• \( Pp \): He (one uppercase, one lowercase)

Step3: Solve Question 3 (HD, He, hr Genotypes)

• Homozygous Dominant (HD): Two identical dominant alleles (e.g., \( FF \) for gene \( F \)).
• Heterozygous (He): One dominant, one recessive allele (e.g., \( Ff \) for gene \( F \)).
• Homozygous Recessive (hr): Two identical recessive alleles (e.g., \( ff \) for gene \( F \)).
• For gene \( F \):
• HD: \( FF \)
• He: \( Ff \)
• hr: \( ff \)
• For gene \( M \):
• HD: \( MM \)
• He: \( Mm \)
• hr: \( mm \)
• For gene \( Q \):
• HD: \( QQ \)
• He: \( Qq \)
• hr: \( qq \)
• For gene \( Y \):
• HD: \( YY \)
• He: \( Yy \)
• hr: \( yy \)
• For gene \( E \):
• HD: \( EE \)
• He: \( Ee \)
• hr: \( ee \)
• For gene \( Z \):
• HD: \( ZZ \)
• He: \( Zz \)
• hr: \( zz \)

Step4: Solve Question 4 (Genotype Classification)

• Homozygous Dominant: Genotype with two identical dominant alleles (e.g., \( HH \)).
• Homozygous Recessive: Genotype with two identical recessive alleles (e.g., \( vv \)).
• Heterozygous: Genotype with one dominant, one recessive allele (e.g., \( Bb \)).
• \( HH \): Homozygous Dominant
• \( vv \): Homozygous Recessive
• \( Bb \): Heterozygous

Step5: Solve Question 5 (Allele, Genotype, Phenotype)

• Allele: A single gene variant (e.g., \( H, w, b \)) (represented by a single letter).
• Genotype: The genetic makeup (e.g., \( AA, aa, Mm \)) (combination of alleles).
• Phenotype: The physical trait (e.g., Hair Color, Blue eyes, Purple Flower) (observable characteristic).
• \( AA \): Genotype
• \( H \): Allele
• \( w \): Allele
• \( b \): Allele
• Hair Color: Phenotype
• \( aa \): Genotype
• Blue eyes: Phenotype
• \( Mm \): Genotype
• Purple Flower: Phenotype

Answer:

Question 1

• Dominant Allele: \( \boldsymbol{D, L, N, R, G} \) (circle these)
• Recessive Allele: \( \boldsymbol{n, d, r, s} \) (circle these)

Question 2

• \( AA \): Ho
• \( Ee \): He
• \( Ii \): He
• \( Mm \): He
• \( bb \): Ho
• \( ff \): Ho
• \( Jj \): He
• \( nn \): Ho
• \( CC \): Ho
• \( Gg \): He
• \( kk \): Ho
• \( oo \): Ho
• \( Dd \): He
• \( HH \): Ho
• \( LL \): Ho
• \( Pp \): He

Question 3

• \( F \): HD = \( FF \); He = \( Ff \); hr = \( ff \)
• \( M \): HD = \( MM \); He = \( Mm \); hr = \( mm \)
• \( Q \): HD = \( QQ \); He = \( Qq \); hr = \( qq \)
• \( Y \): HD = \( YY \); He = \( Yy \); hr = \( yy \)
• \( E \): HD = \( EE \); He = \( Ee \); hr = \( ee \)
• \( Z \): HD = \( ZZ \); He = \( Zz \); hr = \( zz \)

Question 4

• \( HH \): Homozygous Dominant
• \( vv \): Homozygous Recessive
• \( Bb \): Heterozygous

Question 5

• \( AA \): Genotype
• \( H \): Allele
• \( w \): Allele
• \( b \): Allele
• Hair Color: Phenotype
• \( aa \): Genotype
• Blue eyes: Phenotype
• \( Mm \): Genotype
• Purple Flower: Phenotype