3. the diagram below is an illustration of a mammalian vertebra. study the diagram and use it to ans the questions that follow. (a) identify the vertebra. (b) identify the parts labelled i, ii, iii, iv, v and vi. (c) state the functions of the parts labelled i, ii, iii and v. (d) how many of this vertebra are found in the human skeleton ? 4. the set up below is used in the laboratory for the preparation of carbon (iv) oxide (co₂) gas. s it carefully and answer the questions that follow. (a) name the parts labelled i, ii, iii and iv (b) what reactants are used in the preparation of the gas ? (c) write a balanced equation for the reaction producing the gas. d) what are you likely to observe in the test tube containing the lime water ?

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to the brain and spinal cord.
- **V (Transverse process)**: Similar to II, attachment for muscles/ligaments and contributes to the foramen transversarium (if part of it).
# Answer:
- I (Spinous process): Muscle/ligament attachment (neck movement/stability).
- II (Transverse process): Muscle/ligament attachment; forms foramen transversarium.
- III (Foramen transversarium): Vertebral artery/vein passage.
- V (Transverse process): Muscle/ligament attachment; foramen transversarium formation.

#### (d) How many of this vertebra are found in the human skeleton?
# Brief Explanations:
Typical cervical vertebrae (C3 - C7) are 5 in number (C1 is atlas, C2 is axis, then C3 - C7: 5 vertebrae with this typical structure). Wait, total cervical vertebrae: 7 (C1 - C7). But C1 (atlas) has no body, C2 (axis) has a dens. So the "typical" cervical vertebrae (like in the diagram) are C3 - C7: 5.
# Answer:
There are 5 such typical cervical vertebrae (C3 to C7) in the human skeleton (total cervical vertebrae: 7, but 5 have this structure).

### Question 4 (CO₂ Preparation)
#### (a) Name the parts labelled I, II, III and IV.
# Brief Explanations:
- **I**: Marble chips (calcium carbonate, $ \text{CaCO}_3 $)
- **II**: Dilute hydrochloric acid ( $ \text{HCl} $ )
- **III**: Delivery tube (or stopper with delivery tube)
- **IV**: Delivery tube (carries $ \text{CO}_2 $ to limewater)
# Answer:
- I: Marble chips (Calcium carbonate, $ \text{CaCO}_3 $)
- II: Dilute hydrochloric acid ( $ \text{HCl} $ )
- III: Delivery tube (or rubber stopper with delivery tube)
- IV: Delivery tube

#### (b) What reactants are used in the preparation of the gas?
# Brief Explanations:
To prepare $ \text{CO}_2 $ in the lab, we use calcium carbonate (marble chips) and dilute hydrochloric acid. The reaction is $ \text{CaCO}_3 + 2\text{HCl}
ightarrow \text{CaCl}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{CO}_2 \uparrow $.
# Answer:
Reactants: Marble chips (calcium carbonate, $ \text{CaCO}_3 $) and dilute hydrochloric acid ( $ \text{HCl} $ ).

#### (c) Write a balanced equation for the reaction producing the gas.
# Explanation:
## Step1: Identify reactants and products.
Reactants: Calcium carbonate ($ \text{CaCO}_3 $) and hydrochloric acid ($ \text{HCl} $).
Products: Calcium chloride ($ \text{CaCl}_2 $), water ($ \text{H}_2\text{O} $), and carbon dioxide ($ \text{CO}_2 $).

## Step2: Write unbalanced equation.
$ \text{CaCO}_3 + \text{HCl}
ightarrow \text{CaCl}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{CO}_2 $

## Step3: Balance Cl (2 in $ \text{CaCl}_2 $, so $ \text{HCl} $ needs 2).
$ \text{CaCO}_3 + 2\text{HCl}
ightarrow \text{CaCl}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{CO}_2 $

Check other atoms: Ca (1 on both), C (1), O (3 in $ \text{CaCO}_3 $; 1 in $ \text{H}_2\text{O} $ + 2 in $ \text{CO}_2 $ = 3), H (2 in $ 2\text{HCl} $, 2 in $ \text{H}_2\text{O} $). Balanced.
# Answer:
$ \text{CaCO}_3(s) + 2\text{HCl}(aq)
ightarrow \text{CaCl}_2(aq) + \text{H}_2\text{O}(l) + \text{CO}_2(g) $

#### (d) What are you likely to observe in the test tube containing the lime water?
# Brief Explanations:
Lime water is calcium hydroxide ($ \text{Ca(OH)}_2 $). When $ \text{CO}_2 $ is bubbled through it, a reaction occurs: $ \text{Ca(OH)}_2 + \text{CO}_2
ightarrow \text{CaCO}_3 \downarrow + \text{H}_2\text{O} $. $ \text{CaCO}_3 $ is a white precipitate, so the lime water turns cloudy (milky white).
# Answer:
The clear lime water turns cloudy (or milky white) due to the formation of a white precipitate of calcium carbonate ($ \text{CaCO}_3 $).

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(d) How many of this vertebra are found in the human skeleton?