Question

defined as: guiding principles or procedures in hopes of arriving at a desired conclusion. * 4 points
logical argument
validity
reliability
pattern
trends

defined as: device which counts down from a specified time interval * 4 points
timer
scientific tools
thermometer
stopwatch
weighing scale

Explanation:

First Question (Definition: Guiding principles or procedures in hopes of arriving at a desired conclusion)

• Logical argument: Uses principles/procedures (reasoning) to reach a conclusion.
• Validity: About argument structure validity, not guiding to conclusion.
• Reliability: Consistency of results, not guiding to conclusion.
• Pattern: Repeated form, not guiding to conclusion.
• Trends: Direction of change, not guiding to conclusion.

So the correct option is the one matching the definition of using principles to reach a conclusion.

• Timer: Can count down from a specified time interval.
• Scientific Tools: Broad category, not specific.
• Thermometer: Measures temperature.
• Stopwatch: Usually counts up (or can be used for elapsed time, not typically countdown-focused as primary).
• Weighing Scale: Measures weight.

So the device that counts down from a specified time is a timer.

Answer:

A. Logical argument (assuming the first option is A, adjust identifier if needed)

Second Question (Definition: device which counts down from a specified time interval)