Question

concerns with the ecological validity of laboratory research on cognition of older people include all of the follow except:

• conducting experiments in the afternoon.
• using a familiar setting and memory cues.
• conducting experiments in a laboratory setting.
• measuring abilities using only timed tests.

Explanation:

To determine the answer, we analyze each option in the context of ecological validity (how well research reflects real - life situations) for cognitive research on older people:

1. Option "conducting experiments in the afternoon": Older adults may have different cognitive states at different times of the day, and conducting experiments only in the afternoon may not represent their real - life cognitive performance across different times, so this is a concern for ecological validity.
2. Option "using a familiar setting and memory cues": Using a familiar setting and memory cues makes the research setting more similar to the real - life environment of older adults. This would increase, rather than decrease, ecological validity. So this is not a concern about ecological validity.
3. Option "conducting experiments in a laboratory setting": A laboratory setting is artificial and different from the natural environment where older adults live and function. This is a concern for ecological validity as it may not accurately reflect real - life cognitive abilities.
4. Option "measuring abilities using only timed tests": Real - life cognitive tasks do not usually have strict time limits like timed tests in a laboratory. Measuring only with timed tests may not represent how older adults perform in real - life situations, so this is a concern for ecological validity.

Answer:

B. using a familiar setting and memory cues