Question

any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice is called . the russian physiologist (a scientist who studies the workings of the body) who discovered classical conditioning through his work on digestion in dogs was . is learning that makes a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex. a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response. is an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus. a stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus is called a . a is any consequence that, when following a behavior, increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again. any consequence that, when following a behavior, makes that behavior less likely to happen again is said to be . the reinforcement of simple steps in a behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior is called . is the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.

Explanation:

1. Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice is called learning. This is a fundamental definition in psychology. Learning is the process by which behavior changes as a result of experience.
2. The Russian physiologist (a scientist who studies the workings of the body) who discovered classical conditioning through his work on digestion in dogs was Ivan Pavlov. Ivan Pavlov is famous for his experiments on dogs, where he demonstrated classical conditioning. He showed that a neutral stimulus (like a bell) could be paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food) to elicit a conditioned response (salivation).
3. Learning that makes a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex is called classical conditioning. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to a conditioned response. For example, in Pavlov's experiment, the bell (neutral stimulus) was paired with food (unconditioned stimulus), and eventually, the bell alone could elicit salivation (conditioned response).
4. A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response is an unconditioned stimulus. In Pavlov's experiment, food is the unconditioned stimulus because it naturally causes salivation (an involuntary response).
5. An involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus is an unconditioned response. Salivation in response to food is an unconditioned response. It is an automatic, involuntary reaction.
6. A stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus is called a conditioned stimulus. In Pavlov's experiment, after repeated pairing with food, the bell became a conditioned stimulus as it could now elicit salivation.
7. A learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus is a conditioned response. Salivation in response to the bell (after conditioning) is the conditioned response.
8. Any consequence that, when following a behavior, increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again is called reinforcement. Reinforcement is a key concept in operant conditioning. For example, if a child gets a sticker (reinforcement) for doing homework (behavior), they are more likely to do homework again.
9. Any consequence that, when following a behavior, makes that behavior less likely to happen again is called punishment. Punishment is used to decrease the likelihood of a behavior. For instance, if a child is grounded (punishment) for misbehaving (behavior), they may be less likely to misbehave in the future.
10. The reinforcement of simple steps in a behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior is called shaping. Shaping is used to teach new behaviors. For example, teaching a dog to roll over by first reinforcing sitting, then lying down, and finally rolling over.
11. Is the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response called stimulus generalization. Stimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. For example, if a dog is conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, it may also salivate at the sound of a similar - sounding tone.

Answer:

1. learning
2. Ivan Pavlov
3. classical conditioning
4. unconditioned stimulus
5. unconditioned response
6. conditioned stimulus
7. conditioned response
8. reinforcement
9. punishment
10. shaping
11. stimulus generalization