Question

1. if a blind person uses one finger to read braille, the brain area dedicated to that finger expands as the sense of touch invades the visual cortex. this is an example of

a) neural prosthetics.
b) aphasia.
c) hemispheric specialization.
d) brain plasticity.
e) integrated association areas.

1. the benefits of brain plasticity are most clearly demonstrated in

a) people paralyzed by a severed spinal cord.
b) individuals with alzheimers disease.
c) adults with aphasia.
d) people free of any disease or brain damage.
e) children who have had a cerebral hemisphere surgically removed.

1. the thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebrum is call

the
a) sensory cortex.
b) cerebral cortex.
c) cerebellum.
d) reticular formation.
e) corpus callosum.

1. the brain waves associated with rem sleep are most similar to those of

a) stage 5 sleep.
b) stage 3 sleep.
c) stage 4 sleep.
d) stage 1 sleep.
e) stage 2 sleep.

1. taste and smell are both what kind of senses?

a) kinesthetic
b) energy
c) chemical
d) perceptual
e) vestibular

Explanation:

• Question 31: Brain plasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life. When a blind person uses their finger to read Braille and the brain area for that finger expands into the visual cortex (which is unused due to blindness), it shows the brain's ability to change and adapt, which is brain plasticity.
• Question 32: Children who have had a cerebral hemisphere surgically removed (for conditions like severe epilepsy) can show remarkable recovery and adaptation. The remaining hemisphere can take over functions that were originally in the removed hemisphere, demonstrating the benefits of brain plasticity. In adults, while there is some plasticity, it is more limited compared to children. People with a severed spinal cord (damage to the spinal cord, not directly showing brain - related plasticity benefits in the same sense here), those with Alzheimer's (a degenerative disease that impairs brain function rather than showing plasticity benefits), adults with aphasia (language impairment, and while there can be some recovery, it's not as clear - cut a demonstration as in children with hemispherectomy), and healthy people (plasticity is there but not as a demonstration of its "benefits" in the context of significant adaptation) are not the best examples.
• Question 33: The cerebral cortex is the thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebrum. The sensory cortex is a part of the cerebral cortex that processes sensory information. The cerebellum is involved in coordination and balance. The reticular formation is involved in arousal and sleep - wake cycles. The corpus callosum is a thick band of nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.
• Question 34: REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep is associated with brain waves that are similar to those in Stage 1 sleep. Both have relatively low - amplitude, high - frequency waves (alpha and beta - like waves in a sense). Stage 3 and 4 are slow - wave sleep (high - amplitude, low - frequency delta waves), and Stage 2 has sleep spindles and K - complexes. There is no Stage 5 in the standard sleep stage classification (the classification is usually Stage 1 - 4, with REM being a distinct stage often considered separately but not as Stage 5).
• Question 35: Taste and smell are chemical senses. Taste (gustation) detects chemicals in the mouth (dissolved in saliva), and smell (olfaction) detects chemicals in the air. Kinesthetic sense is related to body position and movement. Energy senses is not a standard term for taste and smell. Perceptual is a more general term related to perception as a whole. Vestibular sense is related to balance and spatial orientation.

Answer:

• 31. C. brain plasticity.
• 32. E. children who have had a cerebral hemisphere surgically removed.
• 33. B. cerebral cortex.
• 34. D. Stage 1 sleep.
• 35. C. chemical.