Question

13 multiple choice 2 points
how did enlightenment ideas contribute to the french revolution?
by promoting absolute monarchy and divine right rule
by advocating for the preservation of the aristocratic system
by challenging the existing social and political hierarchy and calling for equality and democracy
14 true or false 2 points
true or false: when using primary sources in historical research, historians should critically evaluate the perspective and biases of the author.
true
false
15 true or false 2 points
true or false: the consequences of imperialism were uniformly positive for both the colonizers and the colonized.
true
false
16 true or false 2 points
true or false: enlightenment ideas primarily supported the preservation of feudalism and aristocratic privileges.
true
false

Explanation:

• For Question 13: Enlightenment thinkers like Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu criticized absolute monarchy, divine - right rule, and the aristocratic system. They advocated for concepts such as social contract theory (Rousseau), separation of powers (Montesquieu), and individual rights. These ideas challenged the old social (e.g., the three - estate system in France) and political hierarchies and called for equality (e.g., equality before the law) and democracy (or at least more representative forms of government).
• For Question 14: Primary sources are original materials from the time period being studied. Historians must evaluate the author's perspective (e.g., a king's account of a battle vs. a peasant's account) and biases (e.g., a religious text might have a different bias than a secular legal document) to ensure the reliability and objectivity of their research.
• For Question 15: Imperialism had negative consequences for the colonized, such as exploitation of resources, forced labor (e.g., in African and Asian colonies), and cultural suppression. For colonizers, while there were economic benefits (e.g., access to cheap raw materials and new markets), there were also costs such as military expenditures to maintain colonies and moral and ethical dilemmas. So, the consequences were not uniformly positive for both.
• For Question 16: Enlightenment ideas were a direct challenge to feudalism (which was based on a rigid social hierarchy with lords, vassals, and serfs) and aristocratic privileges. As mentioned earlier, Enlightenment thinkers promoted equality, reason, and individual rights, which were contrary to the hierarchical and often - privileged nature of feudal and aristocratic systems.

Answer:

1. By challenging the existing social and political hierarchy and calling for equality and democracy
2. True
3. False
4. False