Question

while driving to work, marcias car started smoking and shut down on a road with heavy traffic. the battery in her cell phone died, so she could not call for help. she waited over two hours for someone to stop to help before a police officer offered assistance. marcias difficulty in getting someone to help is an example of:
the just - world phenomenon.
social facilitation.
the reciprocity norm.
the bystander effect.

Explanation:

The bystander effect refers to the phenomenon where the presence of others discourages an individual from intervening in an emergency situation. In this case, despite heavy traffic (many bystanders), it took over two hours for help to arrive. The just - world phenomenon is the belief that people get what they deserve. Social facilitation is the improvement in performance when others are present. Reciprocity norms are about mutual giving and receiving.

Answer:

the bystander effect.