Question

which of the following would likely be the best way to reduce the number of people with lung cancer caused by air pollution?
federal restrictions on smog.
federal restrictions on carbon dioxide.
federal restrictions on ozone pollution.
federal restrictions on fine particulate matter.
part b
which of the following is true?
smoking and exposure to air pollution both cause lung cancer by directly mutating dna.
smoking and exposure to air pollution both cause lung cancer by awakening dormant mutations.
smoking causes lung cancer by directly mutating dna, while exposure to air pollution causes lung cancer by awakening dormant mutations.
smoking causes lung cancer by awakening dormant mutations, while exposure to air pollution causes lung cancer by directly mutating dna.

Explanation:

• Part A: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a known carcinogen. It can penetrate deep into the lungs and has been linked to lung cancer. Federal restrictions on fine particulate matter would directly target a major air - pollution - related cause of lung cancer. Smog is a complex mixture, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas (not a major direct cause of lung cancer in the context of this question), and ozone pollution (ground - level ozone) mainly causes respiratory irritation rather than being a leading cause of lung cancer compared to fine particulate matter.
• Part B: Smoking contains many carcinogens that can directly damage DNA (mutagenic effect). Air pollution, especially fine particulate matter, can also act as a mutagen. Both smoking and air pollution can cause DNA mutations that lead to lung cancer.

Answer:

• Part A: Federal restrictions on fine particulate matter.
• Part B: Smoking and exposure to air pollution both cause lung cancer by directly mutating DNA.