Question

which of the following factors best explains why the portuguese did not engage in direct trading relations with west african states until the fifteenth century?
a lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology
b lack of european interest in african goods
c a prohibition on external trade by the islamic states of north africa
d directives from the pope to limit christian trade with africa
e fear of dying from tropical diseases

Explanation:

Before the 15th - century, the Portuguese lacked advanced navigation (such as the compass, astrolabe) and maritime technology (caravel ships). These were crucial for long - distance sea voyages to West Africa. European interest in African goods (like gold, ivory) existed. Islamic states in North Africa did not prohibit external trade in a way that completely blocked Portuguese access. Papal directives did not limit trade in this context. Fear of tropical diseases was not the main factor preventing trade before the 15th - century as it was the lack of means to reach West Africa directly.

Answer:

A. Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology